Video Notes Review: Redox, Oxidation Numbers, and Molarity

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms from the lecture notes on redox reactions, oxidation numbers, and molarity.

Oxidation state (oxidation number)

A formal charge assigned to an atom to track electron transfer in redox reactions; not always equal to the ionic charge, especially in covalent compounds.

Oxidation

An increase in oxidation state due to loss of electrons; the substance that loses electrons is oxidized.

Reduction

A decrease in oxidation state due to gain of electrons; the substance that gains electrons is reduced.

Redox reaction

A reaction in which oxidation states change as electrons are transferred; always involves both oxidation and reduction.

Oxidizing agent

The substance that accepts electrons in a redox reaction; becomes reduced.

Reducing agent

The substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction; becomes oxidized.

OIL RIG

Mnemonic: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.

Ionic compound

A compound formed from ions held together by ionic bonds; oxidation numbers often correspond to the ionic charges in such compounds.

Covalent compound

A compound formed by sharing electrons; in covalent compounds, oxidation numbers may not reflect actual charges on atoms.

Oxygen oxidation state

Generally -2 in most compounds; in this lecture, oxygen is treated as -2 in the listed cases.

Hydrogen oxidation state

Generally +1 in most compounds; in this lecture, hydrogen is treated as +1.

Ion

An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge due to gain or loss of electrons.

Neutralization (acid-base reaction)

An acid-base reaction that forms water and a salt; often described as acid reacting with base to produce H2O.

Gas-forming reaction

A reaction that produces a gas (e.g., hydrogen carbonate reacting to form CO2 and water).

Precipitation reaction

A reaction that forms an insoluble solid (precipitate).

Molarity (M)

Concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).

Brackets notation

Using square brackets [ ] to denote the concentration of a species in solution.

Molar mass

Mass of one mole of a substance (units: g/mol); used to convert moles to grams.

Stoichiometry

Using mole ratios from balanced equations to relate amounts of reactants and products.

Conversion from mL to L

There are 1000 milliliters in 1 liter; convert volumes to liters when using molarity.

Molarity to grams conversion

Calculate moles from M × L, then convert to grams using the substance's molar mass.