ANATOMY

appositional growth

Growth of successive layers of bone upon those already present

articular cartilage

Cartilage that covers the ends of bones

Bone marrow

Soft highly vascular connective tissue that occupies the cavities of most bones and occurs in two forms

Calcification

To become inflexible and changeless by adding calcium salts

Canaliculi

A small canal in bone tissue

Cancellous

A porous structure of bone upon those

central canal (haversian canal)

The central, tubular channel of an osteon of bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass

Circumferential lamellae

One of the bony plates that underlie the periosteum and endosteum

Closed fracture (simple)

A fracture in which the skin remains intact with no penetration of bone

Comminuted Fracture

One in which the bone is splintered or crushed, with three or more fragments

Compact bone

Bone having a dense structure or parts or units closely packed

Complete fracture

The act of breaking or the state of bone being broken completely through the bone

Concentric Lamellae

one of the concentric tubular layers of bone surrounding the central canal in an osteon

Depressed fracture

A fracture especially of the skull in which the fragment is depressed below the normal surface

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone

Direct fracture

Direct force applied to the bone that causes a fracture

Endochondral ossification

Ossification takes place from in cartilage and involving calcium salts in the cartilage

Endosteum

The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone

Epiphyseal line

The line marking the site of an epiphyseal plate that has stopped growing and become ossified

Epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal cartilage)

Hyaline cartilage that unites an epiphysis with the shaft of a long bone and is the site where the bone grows in length

Epiphysis

A part or process of a bone that ossifies separately and later becomes the end of a long bone

Flat bone

Various bones (as of the skull, the jaw, the pelvis, or the rib cage) not rounded in cross section

Fracture

The result of breaking a bone

Greenstick fracture

One in which one side of bone is broken and the other is bent, most seen in children

Indirect fracture

Fracture distant from the site of injury

Interstitial lamellae

One of the lamellae of partially resorbed osteons occurring between newer, complete osteons

intramembranous ossification

Ossification of bone that occurs in and replaces connective tissue

Irregular bone

A group of bones having peculiar or complex forms, for example, vertebrae, many skull bones

Lacunae

A small cavity within the bone matrix, containing an osteocyte

Lamellae

A thin scale or plate, as of bone

Long bone

Bone whose length far exceeds its breadth and thickness

medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

the cavity that contains bone marrow in the diaphysis of a long bone

Metaphysis

A segment between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone

Open fracture (compound)

A bone protruding through the skin

Ossification

Formation of or conversion into bone or a bony substance

Osteoblasts

Cells in the body that build new bone tissue

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that break down and remove bone tissue

Osteocytes

Bone cells that maintain bone tissue

Osteogenesis

The formation of bone; the development of the bones

Osteon

The structure of compact bone, comprising a Haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae

osteoprogenitor cells

Any of the mesenchyme cells committed to bone and capable of producing osteoblasts and osteocytes

Pathologic fracture

One due to the weakening of the bone structure over time

perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

Vascular canals in compact bone that are not surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone

perforating fibers (Sharpey's fibers)

The fibers forming the lamellae constituting the walls of the Haversian canals in bone

Periosteum

A specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body

Red marrow

Bone marrow of children and some adult bones that is required for the formation of red blood cells

Reduction

The act of putting something back in place

Remodeling

Absorption of bone tissue and simultaneously deposition of new bone

Sesamoid bone

A bone formed after birth in a tendon where it passes over a joint, for example, the patella

Short bone

One of approximately equal length, width, and thickness

Spongy bone

Bone in which the trabeculae form a latticework, filled with connective tissue or bone marrow

Stress fracture

Fracture that occurs in bone subjected to repetitive stress, most often transverse

Sutural bone

Any of the variable and irregularly shaped bones in the sutures between the bones of the skull

Trabeculae

The network of osseous tissue that makes up the cancellous structure of a bone

Yellow marrow

Bone marrow that is yellow with fat, found at the diaphysis of long bones in adults