Nutrition 251: Chapter 12: Vitamins Overview

What terms create "vitamine"?

Vital = Necessary for life

Amines = type of nitrogen-containing substance

What was changed later about vitamine to become vitamin?

Not all were amines, so the term was changed

_______ is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes

Vitamin

Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?

No

Do vitamins naturally occur in food?

Yes

Are vitamins organic compounds?

Yes

(True/False) Vitamins are metabolized for calories

False

In what measurements do we measure vitamins in?

Milligram and Microgram amounts

Does water-soluble or fat soluble take weeks to months to reach deficiency?

Water soluble

Does water-soluble or fat-soluble take longer to reach deficiency?

Months or Years

_______ vitamins are stored in limited amounts, and are needed in small amounts daily

Water Soluble

________ vitamins are stored in the body and used when dietary intake falls short

Fat-Soluble

Is chronic excess consumption toxic for Water-Soluble or Fat-Soluble vitamins?

Fat-Soluble

Are water-soluble vitamins or fat-soluble vitamins more stable?

Fat-Soluble

What are the two water-soluble vitamins that are stored?

Vitamin B6 and B12

Where is B12 stored?

In the liver

Where is B6 stored?

muscle tissue

"ADEK" or "DEKA" is made up of which vitamins?

Vitamin A, D, E, K

What water-soluble vitamins can reach toxic levels?

Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), Vitamin C

Are water-soluble vitamins destroyed when exposed to air, water, or heat?

Yes

What are the B-Vitamins?

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5),

Pyridoxine (B6),

Cobalamin (B12), Biotin (B7), Folate (B9)

What do all vitamins go through during digestion?

1. Vitamins are released from food from digestive processes in the stomach

2. Digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas aid in the release of vitamins from food

How are fat-soluble vitamins digested?

1. Bile aids in absorption

2. absorbed in the small intestine, along with dietary fat, carried by chylomicrons into the lymphatic circulation

How are water-soluble vitamins digested?

Absorbed in the small intestine and released directly into the blood

What does Vitamin _ do differently?

K, small amounts are made back bacteria in the ileum of the small intestine and in the large intestine

B vitamins are either bound to food with _____ in it, or in a ______ form

protein, coenzyme

How are B-Vitamins absorbed?

B vitamins bind themselves to a non-active substance, becoming a coenzyme, which then binds to an enzyme for a metabolic reaction

Are Fat-soluble or water-soluble transported in the Lymphatic System?

Fat Soluble Vitamins

How does the Circulatory system move Water-soluble vitamins?

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood stream and taken to the liver

Fat-Soluble vitamins are packaged into ____ to enter the lymphatic system

Chylomicrons

How do Fat-Soluble vitamins get into the Blood Stream?

From the Lymphatic system are taken to the liver as part of the chylomicron remnants, then packaged into lipoproteins and exported to the bloodstream

What are Fat-soluble vitamins packaged in within the bloodstrean?

Lipoproteins

Where are Fat-soluble vitamins stored?

Liver and Adipose tissue

Which Fat-soluble vitamin is excreted?

Vitamin K

What Water-Soluble vitamins aren't readily excreted and are instead stored?

B6 and B12

_______________ is more likely to lead to toxicity than food sources

Supplementation

Most likely to reach toxic levels (with supplementation) [specifically]

Vitamins A and D, niacin can lead to adverse symptoms

_____ are least likely to reach toxic levels

water-soluble vitamins