Period 5: 1844 - 1877

what is the significance of 1844?

the election of 1844 where the main topics were the annexation of Texas and the continued debate over the expansion of slavery

what is the significance of 1877?

end of Reconstruction era after the Civil War

who ran in the election of 1844? how did they feel about the annexation of Texas?

• Whig: Henry Clay — hesitant on annexing Texas

• Democrat: James K. Polk — dark horse, meaning he had an expansionist agenda meaning he wanted to annex Texas

who won the election of 1844? what was this a victory for?

• Polk won

• victory for expansion and Manifest Destiny

what is Manifest Destiny?

belief that God intended for America to expand across the continent and spread American ideals like liberty, democracy, and progress to Natives and Mexicans

the concept of Manifest Destiny lead to __ __ and __ __.

territorial acquisitions and sectional crisis

what where some lands James Polk annexed before the Mexican American War?

• Texas

• Oregon: demanded for annexation by “50º40’ or fight”

how did the Mexican American War start?

• effect of Manifest Destiny

• Polk tried to purchase California and New Mexico, but Mexico said no

• Polk used a border dispute to declare war by saying that Americans died

• Congress declared war

what were Abraham Lincoln’s thoughts on the war? (what did he introduce)

• “Spot Resolutions” asking where had American blood been shed on American soil

• worried new land will cause sectionalism

explain the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

• US received Rio Grande boundary between Texas and Mexico

• received California and New Mexico territory that included New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada

• US gave many to forgive Mexico’s debt

what was the follow-up questions after annexing all this land?

is slavery going to be enforced in the new lands?

what does the Mexican American War directly lead to? what does the annexed land cause?

• leads to Civil War

• land acquired would lead to severe sectional tension that would not be resolved

what was the impact on political ideas on slavery after the Mexican American War?

• Wilmot Proviso: attempt to forbid slavery in any new territory by Missouri Compromise and North Ordinance which was not supported by Polk

• Calhoun argued property cannot be forbidden in territory

what was the impact on political parties after the Mexican American War?

Northern Democrats and Whigs organized the “Free Soil Party” that was against the expansion of slavery west

who won the election of 1848?

Whig General Zachary Taylor that died in office and showed that the abolition movement and anti-slavery is not that strong

the US is __ __ in the 1850s.

falling apart

what were three sectional issues in the 1850s?

• California applying for statehood with no slave state to balance it

• personal liberty laws in the North that protected fugitive runaway slaves

• slave trade in DC

who pushed a compromise? who guaranteed its passage?

• Henry Clay pushed for a compromise to ease the growing sectionalism

• Stephen Douglas guaranteed the passage

Stephen Douglas divided the bill into two smaller builds. explain them.

• California was admitted as a free state that forever upset the balance

• free states lost the personal liberty law

• DC slave trade was abolished

• popular sovereignty below 36º30’

explain the Fugitive Slave Law.

states are required to capture and return runaway slaves which supercede the personal liberty laws

what is popular sovereignty during this time?

choice of whether to be a free or slave state

why was this compromise temporary?

issue of whether slavery expanded west has not been resolved

what was the stronger political party? which ones were weaker?

• Democrats were the stronger political party

• Free-Soilers and Whigs competed for support mainly in North

why did the nation need strong rulers? (they did not get this btw)

to handle growing sectionalism

the country continued to expand __ and the issue of __ dominated politics.

west; slavery

how did the Kansas and Nebraska Act come about?

• issue over placement of trans-continental railroad

• South didn’t want railroad to go to the North

• Stephen Douglas proposed popular sovereignty (like in territory of California) to organize new territories of Kansas and Nebraska

what was the outcome of the proposed popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska?

• North got the railroad

• South got slavery expanded above 36º30’ which repelled the Missouri Compromise

what was the effect on the Whig Party after the Kansas and Nebraska Act? what replaced it?

• it ended as it only existed in the North

• replaced by the Republican Party that was against the expansion of slavery west and wanted to spread capitalism

__ were the only remaining national party because the Republicans only existed in the __.

Democrats; North

what was Bleeding Kansas?

groups fought whether to make Kansas free or slave

what was the Pottawatowie Creek Massacre?

• led by John Brown, a radical abolitionist who thinks he is on a mission from God to do whatever he can to abolish slavery

• ordered execution of 5 pro-slavery Kansans

what did the Southerners think about abolitionists after the Pottawatowie Creek Massacre?

• they associated all of them with John Brown thinking they were violent

• increased fear of slave revolts in South

what was the Sumner-Brooks Incident?

attack that happened between two politicians in Congress over divisions in the North and South making workers come to work armed

what was the Dred Scott Decision?

• a slave, Scott, sued for freedom because he lived in a free sate, but Chief Justice Taney said he has no rights to sue as blacks were not citizens

• he called the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional because a person cannot be denied property in territory because Congress has to protect rights

what the did abolitionists and the South think of the Dred Scott Decision?

• abolitionists claimed a slavocratic conspiracy

• South liked the decision, even though they were advocates for states’ rights

what was the Lincoln-Douglas Debate?

• race for US Senate between Democrat Douglas and Republican Lincoln

• arguing if popular sovereignty can work in contrast to Dred Scott

• Lincoln said that the nation must be one or the other and is against the expansion of slavery

• Douglas made the Freeport Doctrine that said popular sovereignty can work if territorial legislatures don’t pass laws protecting slavery like the slave codes

• Douglas lost attention, but still won

• Lincoln got national attention

what was John Brown’s Raid?

• last religious crusade to end slavery

• plan to secure Harper’s Ferry in Virginia and arm all slaves to start slave revolts across South

• US military stopped this

• Brown was arrest and executed

what were the effects of John Brown’s raid.

• abolitionists saw Brown as someone killed because of their religion

• the raid increased Southerners’ fear of slave revolts and association of abolitions and Republicans with Brown

• threats of secession in South if Republican wins in 1860

there was a democratic split in the election of 1860. who were the two candidates running? explain.

• Stephen Douglas: popular sovereignty and fugitive slave laws (North)

• John Breckenridge: expansion of slavery west (South)

who were the two other candidates running in the election of 1860? explain.

• Abe Lincoln: Republican who was not abolitionist but did not want to expand slavery west, wanted protective tarries, and internal improvement (North)

• John Bell: ran for Constitutional Union Party and ran on the platform of rule of law

who won the election of 1860?

Lincoln because of the split of the Democratic Party

what was the immediate effect of the election of 1860?

• South Carolina seceded from the US

• US would enter secession crisis before Lincoln took office

explain the beginning and establishment of the Confederate States of America.

• 6 more states joined South Carolina’s secession

• all mention the threat to slavery

• Jefferson Davis is elected president

• Confederate Constitution written based on states’ rights

what did President Buchanan of the US do about the secession crisis?

• declared secession illegal

• took position that individuals seceded, not the states

• he never did anything to assist the federal authority

• federal property being taken from the seceded states caused the nation to fall out

what were two compromises made by Congress?

Crittenden Compromise

• guarantee slavery below 36°30’

• amendments cannot abolish it

• failed along sectional lines

• Lincoln did not agree

13th (Corwin) Amendment

• guarantee state control of slavery without federal interference

• passed, but never ratified

• supported by Lincoln

what was Lincoln committed to? what did he fear?

• committed to keeping Union together

• feared more slave states being lost to secession

the Civil War was caused by historical economic, social, and political sectionalism. explain each aspect.

economic

• industry is different of diverse economy and work forces

• agriculture is different like South’s one-crop system, slavery, and caste system

social

• peculiar institution of slavery and abolitionism

• fight between anti and pro-slavery (Bleeding Kansas)

political

• states’ rights vs. national power

• who decides constitutionality of the law

why was the North more advantaged in the Civil War?

• manufacturing economy and larger population than CSA

• manpower and firepower

both the CSA and US passed draft laws. how could you get subbed or removed in both?

• CSA: favored wealthy as they could buy subs and if someone had more than 20 slaves they were awarded an exemption

• USA: person could buy sub or pay government $300 for exemption

how did the CSA and US finance the war?

• US: bonds, taxes, and greenbacks (Natoinal Banking Act)

• CSA: paper money and had serious inflation

what was the war objective of the US and CSA?

• US: first was to preserve Union, then war to end slavery

• CSA: independence and fought defensive war

expand on US’s objective in war.

• preserve Union

• Lincoln expanded the US Army without Congressional approval and instituted marital law in border states

• Lincoln suspended habeas corpus to quiet Northern opposition

• Anaconda Plan put in place to protect DC and keep pressure on Richmond, Virginia, blockade CSA, and split Confederacy by taking Mississippi River

expand on CSA’s objective in war.

• independence

• Jefferson tried “cotton diplomacy” to attract an alliance with Great Britain, but it failed

• their strategy was to play a defensive war

what is the Emancipation Proclamation?

• declared all enslaved people in rebellious state free

• all enslaved people in border states were not free thought because of fear of secession

what was the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation?

• enslaved people in any rebel state under US occupation is free

• former slaves could be considered for service in army

• guarantee that all slaves will be free if US won war

• helped keep Britain from allying with CSA

what did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war objective to?

war to end slavery

the Civil War was the first __ __. this ended the era of __ __.

modern war; romantic wars

the war was waged on societies. this is known as a?

total war

how many people died in the Civil War?

600,000 people

what happened to women’s role in the Civil War?

• they worked as nurses, spies, and ran businesses

• nursing and teaching was female dominated

how did African Americans experience phenomenal change during the Civil War?

• they fought to fight

• they served in the Union Army

• 54th Massachusetts was the black regiment of war

• 25 black males were awarded the Medal of Honor

• 13th Amendment which freed enslaved

while the South was seceded, what did the North do?

settled previous sectional issues

what is the Homestead Act?

• awarded 160 acres homestead in the west which anyone could receive

• work to improve it

• received title after 5 years

• Native Americans is their only conflict

what is the Morrill Land Grant of 1862?

30,000 acres of land per states representative which proceed to build agricultural and manufacturing schools

what were the Confiscation Acts?

Congress could seize property used to support the rebellion including slaves

what was Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865?

US’s first federal welfare agency which served the needs of ex-slaves like education, medical care, and job training

what is the difference between the armies in the US and CSA during battles?

• the US struggled to find generals to utilize their resources as the North could replace lost people

• the CSA had more military leaders and were able to stay a formidable opponent for 2 years, but they couldn’t replace lost people

what was the Battle of Vicksburg?

battle in Mississippi where the Union won and took the Mississippi River, splitting the CSA in half

what was the Battle of Gettysburg?

battle in Pennsylvania where the Union won after 50,000 casualties in 3 days and ended any future Confederate offensives

what was Sherman’s “March to the Sea”?

the Union army’s path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, and this represented a total war and scorched Earth campaign

what happened in the Appomattox Court House?

in Virginia in April 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union Ulysses J. Grant after 4 years

what were the consequences of the Civil War in the South?

• completely destroyed

• planter elite destroyed meaning they did not dominate the US economy

• they lost political power in the national government

• war became a “lost cause”

• they had a romanticized version that taught the hatred of the North and resistance to change concerning African Americans

what was the consequence of the Civil War in the North?

• industrial economy increased in dominance

• Republican Party has a majority by securing the White House and Congress

what was the worst consequence of the Civil War?

Abraham Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth

why did John Wilkes Booth assassinate Abraham Lincoln?

thought he was doing the South a favor

how did the economics change after the Civil War?

agriculture to industry

how did political control change after the Civil War?

• the Republican Party dominated and blamed the waved the bloody shirt (blamed the Democrats for the Civil War)

• the South remained loyal to the Democratic Party

what did Lincoln’s Republican Party do during the 1864 election? why?

reorganize as the National Union Party to attract War Democrats

what is the difference between the Copperheads and the War Democrats?

War Democrats wanted to preserve the Union, but the Copperheads wanted peace and to keep the CSA

what is Reconstruction? what made it difficult?

• the process of readmitting ex-rebel states to the Union

• rebuilding the South

• assimilating the formerly enslaved into society

• Southern resistance made it difficult

why did the president think he should have power over the Reconstruction?

because he has pardon power

what was Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan?

• states can come back into the Union after 10% of the voters (not high ranking Confederates) took a loyalty oath

• pardons to most who took the oath and allowed for emancipation

• simple process for readmission

why did the Radical Republicans object the 10 Percent Plan? what did they pass instead? did it pass?

• they wanted a harsher punishment for the Southern states

• passed the Wade-Davis Bill that demanded a 50 percent oath and only non-Confederates can oath

• Lincoln pocket-vetoed it, meaning he didn’t say anything about it or veto it

Lincoln dying ending any hope of a __ __.

easy Reconstruction

who became president after Lincoln?

Andrew Johnson

explain Andrew Johnson.

white supremacist and Southern Democrat

Johnson objected government assistance for…? give an example.

• ex-slaves

• Freedman Bureau suffered from lack of funding

explain Johnson’s 10 percent loyalty oath.

• Southern states could rejoin the Union if 10% of voters took the oath

• rebel leaders’ right to vote and hold office was taken away

• Johnson gave 13000 pardons for former rebels

• had to ratify 13th Amendment that abolished slavery

how did Southern states rebel against the 13th Amendment? did Johnson do anything?

• Southern states put up Black Codes to make black people lose the ability to own property, have rights, and now can be arbitrarily arrested

• started contract labor because they were not literate and sent them back to the fields

• did nothing about it because states had the power to do this

why were the Radical Republicans so determined to punish the South?

• forfeited rights theory: believed that Congress could control readmission because states forfeited their rights with secession

• Congress controls states and can only allow readmission

by 1866, Republicans passed bills to do what?

counter black codes and secure control of Reconstruction

what was the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

• defined citizenship and gave rights to African Americans

• vetoed, but overridden

• overturns Dred Scott because it gave blacks citizenship

• first Civil Rights act in history

when Congress sent the 14th Amendment out for ratification, how did it go?

riots broke out and the Amendment failed

when the Radical Republicans ran the Reconstruction, what did they do with the former Confederate state governments?

run them themselves

white Southerners used the terms carpetbaggers and scalawags. what is that?

• carpetbaggers: Northerners who came to the South

• scalawags: white Southerners who supported the Reconstruction

how did the role of African American men change? how did white Democrats feel about this?

• African American males were able to vote and serve in office, even though they did not have high ranking positions

• white Democrats had little to no tolerance for blacks having authority over them causing resistance to change

the Reconstructional government made changes in…?

• property rights for women

• universal male suffrage

• internal improvements (infrastructure)

• public schools, hospitals, and asylums

• historical black colleges/unis

• industry

explain the impeachment of Johnson. tell why it happened and how it happened.

• Radical Republicans wanted to take measures to remove Johnson from office because they do not like him

• they passed the Treasure of Office Act which said that the president cannot remove Cabinet members without Senate approval, that was vetoed then overridden

• Johnson removed the Secretary of War which violated this law, so the House impeached him

• in the Senate trial, he was not convicted by one vote

why was Johnson known as a “lame duck”?

because Congress was in charge of everything as he did nothing

who won in the 1868 election?

Ulysses S. Grant