Ion and Water Balance Physiology

Euryhaline osmoconformer

is an organism that can maintain its internal osmotic balance across a wide range of external salinities by adjusting its body fluids to match the surrounding water.

Stanohaline osmoconformer

is an organism that can only tolerate a narrow range of external salinities, maintaining internal osmotic balance within that limited range.

Euryhaline osmoregulator

is an organism that can actively regulate its internal osmotic balance and manage body fluid concentrations across a broad range of external salinities.

Stenohaline osmoregulator

is an organism that can actively regulate its internal osmotic balance but only within a narrow range of external salinities.

Regulators

are organisms capable of maintaining a relatively constant internal environment despite varying external enviroments

Conformers

are organisms that have their internal environment follow their external environment P

Perturbing solutes

are solutes that disrupt the normal osmotic balance in an organism's body, affecting cellular function and homeostasis.

Compatible solutes

are small organic molecules that do not interfere with cellular functions and help organisms cope with osmotic stress.

Counteracting solutes

are solutes that counterbalance the effects of perturbing solutes, helping to restore osmotic balance and maintain cellular integrity.

How does countercurrent flow function in rectal glands to regulate osmotic and ionic balance?

Countercurrent flow in rectal glands allows for efficient exchange of ions and water. This mechanism helps maintain osmotic balance by enabling the active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions while secreting potassium, thus regulating electrolyte levels in marine organisms.

Sharks in salty enviroments need to do what?

maintain osmotic and ionic balance through specialized physiological adaptations such as rectal glands due to excess salt

Fish in freshwater enviroments need to do what?

maintain osmotic and ionic balance by excreting excess water and retaining salts through specialized adaptations such as gills

Filtration

blood to nephron via bulk flow

Reabsorption

nephron to blood via protein mediative transport (selective)

Excretion

removal from body by renal system via urine (whatever is left in nephron)

Secretion

blood to nephron; selective

Where does most reaborpstion happen in the kidney

proximal tubule of nephron

Loop of Henle purpose?

Sets up a concentration gradient via countercurrent flow

Where does secretion happen?

distal tubule

Purpose of collecting duct?

secretion and determines the final concentration of urine

Net filatrion pressure equation

Net filtration pressure= Pgc-Pbc- Pig