Reading-in-Philippine-History-Module

Historical Interpretation

The process of interpreting the past based on fragmentary evidence and accepted judgments made by historians.

Code of Kalantiaw

A mythical legal code in Philippine history that was later proven to be a hoax, but was once considered a source of pride for the people of Aklan.

Primary Sources

Facts collected from original sources of history that historians use to draw their own readings and interpretations of historical events.

Interpretations of the Past

Different perspectives and understandings of historical events that vary depending on the reader, time, and context in which they are interpreted.

Sa Aking Mga Kabata

A poem attributed to Jose Rizal, but with no evidence to support its authorship, leading to doubts about its authenticity.

Multiperspectivity

The concept of looking at historical events from different perspectives, recognizing that historical writing is biased, partial, and contains preconceptions.

Historical Truths

Different kinds of sources provide different aspects of the past, and incorporating multiple perspectives in history allows for a more complex and richer understanding of history.

Rizal's Retraction

A controversial document allegedly signed by Jose Rizal before his execution, in which he recants everything he wrote against the friars and the Catholic Church in the Philippines.

Eyewitness Accounts

Testimonies from individuals who claim to have witnessed events, such as the writing of Rizal's retraction document, but may be subject to doubts and discrepancies.

Controversy of Rizal's Retraction

The ongoing debate among scholars about the authenticity and significance of Rizal's retraction document, with many agreeing that it does not diminish his heroism.

La Liga Filipina

An organization founded by Rizal that served as the precursor to the Katipunan.

Katipunan

A revolutionary organization established by former members of La Liga Filipina, with the goal of fighting for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Kataas-taasang Sanggunian ng Katipunan

The leadership council of the Katipunan, consisting of 28 members, 13 of whom were former members of La Liga Filipina.

Cry of Rebellion

Refers to the revolutionary events in the late nineteenth century in the Spanish colonies, including the Philippines, marked by the phrase "El Grito de Rebelion" or "Cry of Rebellion."

El Grito de Rebelion

The Spanish term for "Cry of Rebellion," used to identify the start of revolutionary events in the Spanish colonies.

Balintawak

One of the identified places where the Cry of Rebellion happened in the Philippines in August 1896, northeast of Manila.

Kangkong

Another identified place where the Cry of Rebellion happened in the Philippines, specifically in Balintawak, during the last week of August 1896.

Pugad Lawin

A location where the Cry of Rebellion is said to have taken place, according to Pio Valenzuela, a known Katipunero.

Bahay Toro

Another identified place where the Cry of Rebellion happened, located in Quezon City, on 24 August 1896.

Constitution

A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or organization is governed.

Constitution of the Philippines

The supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines, currently in effect since 1987.

1935 Commonwealth Constitution

One of the constitutions that governed the Philippines, in effect during the Commonwealth period.

1973 Constitution

Another constitution that governed the Philippines, in effect during the martial law period under President Ferdinand Marcos.

1986 Freedom Constitution

A constitution that governed the Philippines after the People Power Revolution, following the ousting of President Marcos.

Constitution of Biak-na-Bato

The provisional constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine Revolution, promulgated on 1 November 1897.

Malolos Constitution

The constitution drafted by the Malolos Congress in 1899, forming the First Philippine Republic.

Political Constitution of 1899

The document approved by the Congress in 1898 and promulgated by Aguinaldo in 1899, patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and influenced by other countries' charters.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that the sovereignty of the Philippines was retroverted to the people, who delegated governmental functions to civil servants while retaining actual sovereignty.

Separation of Church and State

The recognition of the freedom and equality of all beliefs and the separation of the Church and State, in reaction to the dominance of the friars in the Spanish government in the Philippines.

Unicameral Assembly of Representatives

The legislative body vested with the legislative power, composed of elected members who serve for four years and have additional powers such as selecting their own officers and impeaching certain officials.

Executive Power

The power vested in the president, elected by a constituent assembly, serving a four-year term without re-election, and with no vice president.

Commonwealth of the Philippines

The transitional administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, with a unicameral National Assembly, a president and vice president elected to a six-year term, and later amended to have a bicameral Congress.

Parliamentary-style Government

The form of government introduced in the 1973 Constitution, with a unicameral National Assembly, a president elected from the members of the National Assembly, and executive power vested in the Prime Minister.

Martial Law

The declaration made by Marcos in 1972, leading to the manipulation of the 1973 Constitution to consolidate power, with provisions dictating the structure of the government and extending the president's term.

EDSA People Power Revolution

The non-violent opposition movement in 1986 that led to the overthrow of Marcos and the installation of Corazon Aquino as president.

1987 Constitution

The new constitution created after Martial Law, reflecting the aspirations and ideals of the Filipino people, with options to revert to the 1935 Constitution or retain the 1973 Constitution but chose to start anew.

Freedom Constitution

The transitional constitution proclaimed by President Aquino in March 1986, which maintained provisions of the old constitution and allowed the president to rule by decree.

Constitutional Commission

A commission created in 1986 to draft a permanent constitution for the Philippines, composed of 48 members appointed by President Aquino.

Executive branch

The branch of government headed by the president, responsible for the administration and enforcement of laws.

Legislative branch

The branch of government responsible for making laws, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Judicial branch

The branch of government responsible for interpreting laws and resolving legal disputes, consisting of the Supreme Court and lower courts.

Martial law

A state of emergency in which the president has the power to rule by military authority, limited to a period of sixty days under the new constitution.

Constituent Assembly

A method of amending the constitution where the House of Representatives and the Senate convene together to propose amendments.

Constitutional Convention

A method of amending the constitution where a convention is called to propose amendments, composed of delegates chosen by Congress or the electorate.

People's Initiative

A method of amending the constitution where amendments are proposed by the people through a petition signed by at least 12% of registered voters.

Federalism

A form of government where power is divided between a central government and regional governments, proposed by President Duterte to distribute wealth and promote regional development in the Philippines.

Agrarian reform

The rectification of the agricultural system, focused on land distribution among farmers and improving the conditions of the agricultural sector.

Encomienda system

A system under Spanish colonial rule where Filipinos worked on lands owned by encomenderos, who profited from their labor and controlled the distribution of agricultural products.

Encomienda System

A system implemented by the Spanish government in the Philippines that led to the development of the hacienda system in the 19th century.

Hacienda System

A new form of land ownership that emerged in the Philippines as a result of the encomienda system, where large agricultural estates were developed.

Agricultural Exports

The products produced by the Philippines and sold to other countries, contributing to the country's economy and tying it to the world market.

Land Registration Act

A law enacted by Spain in the 1860s that required landholders to register their landholdings, leading to the displacement of peasant families and the concentration of land ownership.

Revolts in the Philippines

Uprisings in the Philippines that were often agrarian in nature, driven by the discontent and abuse caused by the hacienda system and the dominance of religious orders as landowners.

Sakdal Uprising

A peasant rebellion in Central Luzon in 1935, driven by issues of land ownership and tenancy in the Philippines.

Agricultural Land Reform Code

A comprehensive piece of land reform legislation passed in the Philippines in 1963, aimed at converting tenant-farmers to owner-cultivators and distributing public land to small farmers.

Presidential Decree No

A decree issued by President Marcos in 1972, which became the core of agrarian reform during his regime, focusing on tenant farmers and private agricultural lands primarily devoted to rice and corn.

Operation Land Transfer

A program initiated under President Marcos to transfer lands occupied by tenants of more than seven hectares on rice and corn lands to small farmers, aiming to achieve agrarian reform.

Post-1986 Agrarian Reform

The renewed interest and attention to agrarian reform in the Philippines after the overthrow of Marcos and the implementation of the 1987 Constitution.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

A land reform program implemented in the Philippines that aimed to redistribute agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners.

Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229

Orders issued by President Aquino in 1987 that outlined her land reform program.

Republic Act No

Also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), this law was passed in 1988 and introduced the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

Just compensation

The payment made by the government to landowners in exchange for the redistribution of their agricultural lands to tenant-farmers.

Five-hectare limit

The maximum amount of land that landowners were allowed to retain under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

Stock redistribution option

A provision in the law that allowed corporate landowners to voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock, equity, or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries instead of turning over their land to the government.

CARP limitations

The program accomplished only 22.59% of land distribution in six years due to lack of funding and opposition from the landed elite in Congress.

CARPER

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) was signed into law in 2009 and extended the deadline for land distribution to farmers.

Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)

The government agency responsible for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and its extension (CARPER).

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

Another government agency involved in the implementation of agrarian reform in the Philippines.

Evolution of Philippine Taxation

The development and changes in the taxation system in the Philippines over time.

Taxation as a government mechanism

The use of taxation by the government to raise funds for its operations and services.

Tribute or taxes (buhis/buwis/handug)

The payment of tribute or taxes in early Filipino communities, which differed from the contemporary meaning of taxation.

Tributos

Taxes imposed by the Spaniards on the Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period to generate resources for the maintenance of the islands.

Reduction

The system introduced by the Spaniards to gather Filipinos in settlements called pueblos and award them plots of land to till for tax collection purposes.

Encomenderos

Individuals who received rewards from the Spanish crown for their services in handling the settlements and tax collection.

Cédula personal

A certificate of identification required from every resident in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, which served as a poll tax.

Urbana and industria

Direct taxes imposed on urban incomes, including the annual rental value of urban real estate and salaries, dividends, and profits.

Customs duties

Indirect taxes imposed on exports and imports during the Spanish colonial period to raise revenue.

Monopolies

State-controlled industries or activities that generated income for the colonial government, such as the sale of stamped paper, liquor, cockpits, opium, and tobacco.

Forced labor

Labor required from the Filipinos for defense and public works, which was a characteristic of Spanish colonial taxation in the Philippines.

Disparity between principales and peasants

The difference in tax burden between the local elites and the heavily taxed peasants during the Spanish colonial period.

Taxation under the Americans

The changes and reforms in the taxation system in the Philippines during the American colonial period.

Land Tax

A tax levied on both urban and rural real estates in the Philippines during the American occupation.

Internal Revenue Law of 1904

A law passed in the Philippines to address the problems of collecting land tax, which prescribed ten major sources of revenue.

Cédula

A tax imposed on every citizen aged 18 and older in the Philippines during the Commonwealth period.

National Internal Revenue Code

A tax code introduced in 1939 in the Philippines, which introduced major changes in the tax system.

Value-Added Tax (VAT)

A tax introduced in 1986 in the Philippines, with a uniform rate of 10% on the sale of goods and services.

Comprehensive Tax Reform Program

A tax reform program implemented in 1997 in the Philippines to make the tax system broad-based, simple, and with reasonable tax rates.

Expanded Value-Added Tax (E-VAT)

A tax law signed in 2005 in the Philippines, which expanded the VAT base and increased the VAT tax rate to 12%.

Sin Tax Reform

The adjustment of excise tax on liquor and cigarettes in the Philippines, aimed at increasing government revenue, promoting public health, and maintaining social order.

Republic Act 10851

The law passed in the Philippines to implement the Sin Tax Reform, resulting in increased collections from alcohol and tobacco excise taxes.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, used as a measure of economic activity.

Credit Rating Upgrade

The improvement in a country's credit rating, indicating its ability to repay debts and attracting more favorable borrowing terms.

Department of Health Budget

The allocated funds for the Department of Health in the Philippines, which increased significantly due to the Sin Tax Reform, allowing for improved healthcare services.

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The health insurance program in the Philippines that provides free health insurance premiums for poor individuals enrolled in the program.

Tax Reform

The proposed changes in the tax system of a country, aimed at improving economic development and reducing the burden on taxpayers.

Income Tax Rates

The percentage of income that individuals or businesses are required to pay as taxes to the government.

VAT Exemptions

The goods or services that are exempted from Value Added Tax (VAT), a consumption tax imposed on the value added at each stage of production or distribution.

Excise Taxes

The taxes imposed on specific goods, such as petroleum products and automobiles, to discourage their consumption and generate revenue for the government.