History Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance

rebirth of learning in Western Europe

Changes in Attitude: Middle Ages

-little art, litterature, trade

-things explained by religion + superstition

-religious authority wasn't questioned

-group/community was important

-extended family

Changes in Attitude: Renaissance

-lots of art, litterature, trade

-things explained by logic (science)

- questioning authority

- selfishness (individual is important)

- nuclear families--> move to towns

Beginning of Renaissance: Location

Began in Italy

Italy at the Time

center of trade + wealth, people had leisure time, growing middle class

Patrons

supporters of the arts

Famous Patron Family

Medici family

Humanism

a movement during the Renaissance that focused on humans (the individual)...life on Earth was important

Petrarch

Humanist who introduced classical learning

Machiavelli

humanist who wrote The Prince, believed ruler had right to do anything to achieve his goal (the end justifies the means)

New Artist Techniques

showed world realistically (3D), focues on Greek + Roman culture, oil based paint

Michael Angelo

Italian artist who painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the Pieta (Mary holding Jesus), David

Raphael

Italian artist who painted Madonna and Child, used bright colors, portraits

Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian artist known as "The Renaissance Man," did Mona Lisa, Last Supper, and invented inventions

Donatello

Italian artist who did the bronze sculpture of David and stone work (St. George killing dragon)

The Renaissance Spread North

to France, Germany, Belgium (Flanders), Netherlands

Durer

German Leonardo (inventor, painter, sculpture, engraver

Vaneyek

Flemish (Belgian) painter-->portraits were rich in detail (wedding portrait)

Brugal

did paintings of daily life

Rubens

did classical paintings (Roman + Greek) very realistic too

Shakespeare

Humanist writer who wrote tragedies and comedies from England but based on Greeks

Sir Thomas Moore

Humanist writer who wrote "Utopia": a perfect world

Dante

Humanist writer who wrote "The Divine Comedy"---> peoples actions are accounted for in the after life

Cervantes

Humanist, Spanish playwrite---> Don Quixote

Don Quixote

play that looked at society values

Erasmus

Humanist writer who wrote Bible in Greek and "Praise of Folly"

-used humor to expose the Church

Scientific Revolution

Changes to scientific and technological theory during the 1500's

Gutenberg

invented the printing press and moveable type

Scientific Method

objective way to reach a conclusion, encouraged rational thought, had smthn to do with Francis Bacon

Des Cartes

Rational Philosopher who said "I think therefore I am"

Copernicus

Heliocentric model ( sun=center of the Earth)

Galileo

supported Copernicus; law of falling body's, invented one of first telescopes in Europe

Kepler

proved planets moved in an elipse

Newton

laws of motion and gravity

Harvey

studied heart-->proved its the pump of the body

Boyle

chemist-->worked w/ temp and pressure on gass

Marriage Age

increased mainly due to the need to obtain property first

Limited Size of Family

less farming families: not as much need for children to work the farm, more emphasis on husband wife relationship, female roles of upper class were more restricted

Nuclear Family

parents + kids

Protestant Reformation

religious revolt against authority and teachings of Roman Catholic Church

Indulgences

reduction in punishment a sinner would suffer by paying a fee

Simony

sale of Church offices

Other Unethical Conduct

raised fees for sacraments

Renaissance as a Reason for the PR

encourged the questioning of authority and the printing press spread info updates

Kings + Princes as a Reason for the PR

wanted Church land and tax money and to reduce power of the Church

Martin Luther

Monk who sparked reform that split the Catholic Church

Luther's 95 These

Luther's grievances with the Church

-printing press helped spread copies...lead to his excommunication

Major Ideas Sparked by Luther Compared to the Church: Church

salvation through sacraments, priests read the Bible, Bible in Latin, priests can't get married, emphasis on ritual

Major Ideas Sparked by Luther Compared to the Church: Luther

Salvation through faith, Bible is only guide, Bible in vernacular, priests can get married, emphasis on sermon

John Calvin

reformer who spent most of his time in Switzerland...followed Luther's beliefs and added to them and came up with Pre-destination

Pre-destination

God already determined who was saved

Other Calvinism Beliefs

harsh punishments for fighting and swearing, hard work, discipline, thrift

Calvinists in England

called Puritans

Calvinists in Scotland

called Presbyterians

Calvinists in France

called Huguenots

Henry VIII

breaks from Catholic Church in England over issue of divorce

Act of Supremacy

Doc. that created the Anglican Church of England