Objective 2

Describe the structure and function of carbohydrates

What are monosaccharides? How do we identify them?

• Smallest unit of a carbohydrate containing carbon molecules ranging from 3-7

• We identify them using the formula
  (CH2O) in a 1:2:1 ratio

  • Example: C6H12O6

What are Pentoses?

• Pentoses are monosaccharides that are an important part of DNA, RNA, and ATP

• High energy phosphate bonds can be hydrolyzed to release energy

What are the three dietary Hexoses?

• GFG

• Glucose (main blood sugar, found in most fruit and honey)

• Fructose (found in fruit and honey)

• Galactose (milk and sugar)

What are Disaccharides and how are they formed?

• Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

What are the three important dietary Disaccharides?

• Maltose

  • Composed of glucose and glucose

• Sucrose

  • Composed of glucose and fructose

• Lactose

  • Composed of glucose and galactose

What are Polysaccharides?

• Starch (unbranched chains)

• Glycogen (branched chains)

• Cellulose (unbranched chains but has hydrogen bonds connecting chains)

What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

• Cellular respiration

  • ATP Production

• Structural components

  • (RNA, DNA, ATP)

• Glycolipids

  • present in myelin sheath in nervous system

• Glycoproteins

  • part of connective tissue, some enzymes, some hormones