dat bio

thalamus

relays information from the body and between the areas of the brain

hypothalamus

hormone regulator

amygdala

emotional reactions

hippocampus

memory consolidationwh

what are the 4 parts of the limbic system?

thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

cerebellum

coordination of movements

midbrain

relayes senses to different areas of the brainp

pons

relays messages between areas of brain

medulla oblongata

regulates heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, toxin sensing

ethylene

fruit ripening

auxins

plant tropism, promote shoot and stem elongation

gibberellins

promote seed development

cytokinins

regulate cell division

abcisic acid

inhibits growth

zygote

1-cell stage

morula

16-32 cell stage

blastula

128-cell stage represents a hollow sphere

gastrula

embryo at the stage where these three germ layers have formed through the process called gastrulation

osteoblasts

synthesize new bone

osteoclasts

break down bone and absorb calcium into the bloodstream

osteon

functional unit of cortical bone

sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

initiates electrical signal, coordinates contraction of atria, sends signal to AV node

atrioventricular (AV) node

relays electrical signal from atria to ventricles, adds signal conduction delay to ensure atria have finished contraction before ventricles contract

bundle of His

sends signal to the purkinje fibers

purkinje fibers

coordinate contraction of the ventricles

Na+/K+ ATPase (sodium-potassium pump)

uses ATP to move ions against their concentration gradients

transports 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell, maintaining high extracellular concentration of Na+ and high intracellular concentration of K+

cardiac output

stroke volume multiplied by heart rate

who has cell walls?

plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists

where does the Krebs cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

inner mitochondrial matrix and in the intermembrane space

gluconeogenesis

the process of converting proteins into glucose

glycogenesis

the process of glycogen synthesis or the process of converting glucose into glycogen

glycogenolysis

the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into pyruvate

what type of fermentation does yeast undergo?

alcohol fermentation

which describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism

captures energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

which structure lining the respiratory tract is responsible for sweeping away debris and pathogens from the airway?

cilia

neutrophils

make up over half of all leukocytes, the first cells to be recruited to the site of inflammation, most common type

lymphocytes

b cells, t cells, and natural killer cells

monocytes & macrophages

phagocytes in innate immunity

eosinophils

part of innate immunity, have granules that can be released to kill pathogens

mast cells

immune cells that release histamine and heparin during allergic and inflammatory response. (immature cells)

basophils

mature granulocytes that contain the enzymes histamine and heparin, very similar to mast cells, the mature version

which germ layer gives rise to the circulatory system

mesoderm

which were the first living organisms to appear on Earth?

anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes

amnion

secretes amniotic fluid, a protective fluid cushion around the embryo

chorion

forms the fetal half ot the placenta in placental mammals

membrane for gas exchange just underneath egg shell for egg-lating mammals

allantois

transports waste to the placenta, contributes to umbilical cord, and later forms part of the urinary bladder in placental mammals

stores uric acid waste, later fuses with chorion to aid in gas exchange in egg laying animals