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Qualitative Analysis

Description that doesn't use numbers

Quantitative Analysis

Descriptive form that does use \#'s

Precision

the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way

Accuracy

the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured

Length

meter (m)

Volume

V

Temp

Kelvin (K)

Time

second (s)

Mass

kilogram (kg)

Density

(g/cm3), (kg/l)

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Density

How compact something is

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Weight

the force of gravity on an object

physical property

can be observed without changing the identity of the substance (mp,bp,fp,density)

physical changes

Doesn't change what substance is (tear paper, break glass, change form, solid-liquid-gas)

chemical property

Ability to undergo change (rust, corrode, burn, decompose)

chemical changes

changes into a new substance (burns, reacts, decomposes, rusts

homogenous mixture (solution)

same consistency through out

heterogenous mixture

different consistency throughout

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is not created or destroyed, only transformed.

Dalton(Atomic Theory)

- Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.- All atoms of a given element are identical (same size, mass, and properties)- Atoms of 1 element are different from others-Atoms can physically mix or chemically combine only in whole number ratios

Rutherford

Gold foil experiment, discovered nucleus

JJ Thompson:

discovered the electron, plum pudding model

Mendelev

Proposed 1st periodic table where elements were arranged according to Atomic Mass

Atomic \#

\# of protons, \# of electrons (not in ion)

Atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

Mass \#

protons + neutrons

Isotope (deuterium, tritium):

Element with different electron number (2,3)

Valence Electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

S, P, D, F.

2, 6, 10, 14

Aufbau Principle

E-'s fill orbitals from the lowest Energy level 1st

Pauli exclusion

suborbital hold at most 2 electrons with opposite spin

Hund's Rule

when e-'s occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with equal spin

Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Oxidation \#'s

possible charges an atom of an element can have

Covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

Octet Rule

gain or lose electrons to get a full outer shell of 8

Lone pair

a pair of electrons that is not involved in bonding

VSEPR theory

repulsion b/w valence e-'s causes them to move as far away from each other as possible

polyatomic ion

A charged group of covalently bonded atoms. (define and know them)

Polar Bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

Nonpolar bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

van der Waals forces

the two weakest intermolecular attractions- dispersion interactions and dipole forces

dispersion forces

the weakest of all molecular interactions, are caused by the motion of electrons

hydrogen bonds

When a H is bonded to a very electronegative atom

dipole interactions

occur when polar molecules are attracted to one another

chemical equation

A short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols.

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction (left side)

Products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction (right side)

s

solid state

liquid

liquid state

g

gas state

aq

aqueous, water

arrows

yields, produces

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Avogadro's number

6.02 x 10^23 (atoms to 1 number)

S04 -2

Sulfate

CO3 2-

Carbonate

ClO3 -1

Chlorate

NO3 -1

Nitrate

PO4 -3

Phosphate

C2H3O2 -1

Acetate

OH -1

Hydroxide

NH4 +1

Ammonium