Liver ARDMS Review

Amebic Hepatic Abscess

an abscess that develops from a parasite that grows in the colon and invades the liver via the portal vein

Anastomosis

the surgical connection between two structures

Arteriovenous Fistula

An abnormal passageway between an artery and a vein

Autoimmune Disorders

Disorders in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys healthy tissues and/or organs

ADPKD (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease)

An inherited disease that results in development of renal, liver and pancreatic cysts late in life

Bare Area

Region of the liver not covered by peritoneum

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

a growth disorder syndrome synonymous with enlargement of several organs including the skull, tongue, and liver

Caput Medusa

recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the abdomen

Cavernous Hemangioma

the most common benign liver tumor

Cirrhosis

condition defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules

Cystic Fibrosis

genetic disorder linked with the development of scar tissue accumulation within the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys, and/or intestines

Diaphragmatic Slip

A pseudomass of liver seen on sono resulting from hypertrophied diaphragmatic muscle bundles

Dysentery

Infection of the bowel which leads to diarrhea that may contain mucus and/or blood

Echinococcus Granulosus

A parasite responsible for the development of hydatid liver cysts

Epstein-Barr Virus

The virus responsible for mononucleosis and other potential complications

Fibrosis

The development of scar tissue within an organ

Focal Fatty Infiltration

Manifestation of fatty liver disease in which fat deposits are localized

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)

A benign liver mass composed of a combination of hepatocytes and fibrous tissue that typically contains a central scar

Glisson's Capsule

The thin fibrous casing of the liver

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood

Hemochromatosis

An inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron

Hemopoiesis

The formation and development of blood cells

Hepatic Candidiasis

A hepatic mass that results from the spread of fungus in the blood to the liver

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A condition where a PT becomes confused or suffers from intermittent loss of consciousness secondary to overexposure of brain to toxic chemicals that the liver would normally remove

Hepatocellular Adenoma

A benign liver mass often associated with the use of oral contraceptives

Hyperlipidemia

Abnormally high levels of fats within the blood (i.e. high cholesterol and high triglycerides)

Hypovolemia

Decreased blood volume

Idiopathic

No recognizable cause; from an unknown origin

Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy)

Brain damage from bilirubin exposure in a newborn with jaundice

Kupferr Cells

Specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells

Low-Resistance Flow

a flow pattern that characteristically has antegrade flow throughout the cardiac cycle

Malaise

a vague feeling of physical discomfort or uneasiness

Malignant Degeneration

the deterioration of a benign mass into a malignancy

Monophasic

vascular flow yielding a single phase

Pseudocirrhosis

nodular appearance of the liver caused by multiple metastatic tumors

Quadrate Lobe

Another name for the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver

Riedel Lobe

A tongue like extension of the right hepatic lobe

Sequela

An illness resulting from another disease, trauma or injury

Serpiginous

Twisted or snake like pattern

Total Parental Hyperalimentation

Procedure where an individual receives vitamins and nutrients through a vein often the subclavian vein

TIPS

The therapy for portal HTN that involves the placement of a stent between the portal veins and hepatic veins to reduce pressure in portal system

Triphasic

vascular flow yielding three phases

Von Gierke disease (type I glycogen storage disease)

Condition in which the body does not have the ability to break down glycogen

Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

Inherited disease that includes development of cysts within the liver, pancreas and other organs

Wilson Disease

Congenital disorder that causes body to accumulate excess copper

Hemopoeisis/Hematopoeisis

In early embryonic life, the liver is responsible for:

Medial segment of left lobe

The quadrate lobe of the liver is AKA

Hepatics= Triphasic

Portals= Monophasic

Describe blood flow pattern of hepatic veins vs portal veins

Right sided heart failure

Enlargement of hepatic veins and IVC is seen in

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

MC liver disorder in the Western World that is both acquired and reversible

6 months

Chronic hepatitis persists beyond what time frame?

Hep A: fecal oral route

Hep B: contaminated body fluids/mom->infant at birth

How are hep A and hep B spread?

Hepatitis C

Leading indication for liver transplantation in the US

Hemochromatosis

hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

Wilson's Disease and Hemochromatosis

What 2 inherited disorders would prompt a sonographer to assess the PT for signs of chronic hepatitis?

Less than 1cm (Micronodular)

Cirrhosis caused by alcoholism will lead to development of nodules that measure:

1-5cm (Macronodular)

Cirrhosis caused by hepatitis will lead to development of nodules that measure:

-Monophasic flow in hepatic veins

-Hepatofugal flow in portal vein

Possible blood flow changes seen in liver with Cirrhosis

Enlarges to help bring blood into liver

What may happen to the hepatic artery in presence of portal HTN?

Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome

the development of paraumbilical collateral flow in cases of portal hypertension

TIPS procedure

Relives portal hypertension by shunting blood from portal vein to hepatic vein (bypassing liver)

Cavernous Transformation of the portal vein

Term for a mesh of tiny blood vessels in the area of the portal vein that develop as a response to portal vein thrombosis

Development of portal venous gas (typically fatal)

How might an ischemic bowel disease affect the portal system?

Cavernous Hemangioma, Right lobe

MC benign liver tumor and where is it usually found?

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH)

Benign liver mass that may grown in size with oral contraceptive use due to its estrogen sensitivity

Hepatocellular Adenoma (Liver Cell Adenoma)

Rare, benign liver tumor often associated with oral contraceptive use

AFP

Tumor marker for HCC

Metastases

MC form of liver cancer

Lung

MC primary source of liver mets

Infantile Hemangioendothelioma

MC benign childhood liver tumor

Hepatoblastoma

MC malignant childhood tumor

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Hepatoblastomas are associated with what syndrome?