ACLAM Ag Guide

What is the minimum duck pellet size for ducks <2wks of age? >2wks of age?

0.4cm in diameter; 0.48cm in diameter. length is always 0.8cm

How many IACUC members? What are the requirements?

5 members.

1. Scientist with experience in ag research

2. Animal, dairy, or poultry scientist

3. Vet

4. Person with non-scientific concerns

5. Non-affiliated

Who is responsible for training scientists, animal care staff, etc.

institution

How often should tetanus be boostered?

10 years

Who has guidelines out for use of GE animals? What are these guidelines?

USDA, FDA, NIH

NIH - guidelines for recombnbinant DNA molecules

USDA/FDA - Guidance 187 (more for research conduct than specifically addressing GEd animals)

Who regulated use of cloned animals?

No US guidelines for care of animal clones

Do progeny of clones require special consideration?

No, they aren't clones

It's recommended that institutions using GE animals or making them should register with who?

Livestock Industry Clone registry

What is the current cloning technique?

somatic cell nuclear transfer

What is the database for agricultural animal clones?

Livestock Industry Clone Registry

Who designates acclimation guidelines for each species?

AV

When must residue clearance times be followed?

when animal is to be slaughtered for human or animal food purposes - withdrawal time must be done BEFORE transport to auction, market or abattoir

What is the law that regulates residues and use of extralabel drugs in ag animals?

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994, Public Law 103-396

What is FARAD?

(Food Animal Residue Avoidance Database) sponsored by USDA and NIFA (National Institute of Food and Agriculture)

±Records of all harmful products used in facility, storage, use, and disposal to be kept for ____

2 years

No meat, eggs, or milk from animals can be processed for human consumption IF given investigational new drug, UNLESS what?

authorization granted by FDA or USDA with an appropriate INAD exemption from FDA – PI MUST follow specifications outlined in INAD

When is something exta-label drug use or ELDU?

Use of different species, dosages, formulations, or routes of administration or treatment of animals for conditions not mentioned on product label

What are the major principles for AMDUCA drug administration?

°MUST have Valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR)

°ELDU in feed is illegal

°Compound for ELDU MUST be manufactured in FDA inspected facility

°Records of ELDU MUST be maintained for 2 years

°MUST be adequate safety margin in withdrawal time based on most complete pharmacokinetic data

Use of medically important antimicrobials can no longer by given OTC, what must happen?

RX or veterinary feed directive

The USDA national organic program states that medical treatment cannot be withheld when treating sick animals in order to?

preserve organic status

What is the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act? Who regulates this Act? When was it enacted? And what species are exempted?

Law enforced by Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA that requires the proper treatment and humane handling of slaughtered in food animals. Passed in 1978. Chickens and other birds are exempted.

When euthanising an animal what guidelines must be followed?

What about slaughter?

What federal regulation must be followed if animal will enter food chain?

-AVMA euth guidelines

-AVMA slaughter guidelines

-°US Code of Federal Regulations Title 7 Chapter 48 Humane Slaughter of Livestock

When euthanizing via electrocution, what must happen for it to be considered humane?

renders animal unconscious first, current through heart is not acceptable

What is the only chemical currently used for euthanasia of food animals (swine and chickens mostly) that does not lead to tissue residues?

CO2

If sanitation depends on heat, what temp must the supply water reach?

180F

Do ag animals need a disaster plan?

yes

For cold weather ventilation in houses for neonates, how do you maintain air quality without chilling animals?

air speed less than 0.25m/s (50ft/min)

Absence of feed for up to ___ hours should not seriously endanger the health of normal juvenile and adults.

48 hours

In an emergency If something prevents feed and water administration - every attempt to be made for continuous water supply and normal well nourished animals should be fed within _____

within 48 hours

What is the temperature "danger" zone?

79-84F

What is the maximum permissible ammonia level?

25ppm (ideal is less than 10ppm)

What is the maximum permissible hydrogen sulfide level?

50ppm

What is the maximum permissible CO level?

150ppm

What is the OSHA 8 hour time-weighted average maximum for CO exposure for humans?

50ppm

What is the maximum permissible CO2 exposure?

5000ppm

What is the maximum permissible methane exposure?

50,000ppm

What is the maximum permissible dust exposure?

5mg/m^3

±sows need diverse foraging (_____) or feed diet high in ______ so they feel full

straw or low ingestible foraging substrate

fermentable nonstarch polysaccharides

All agricultural animals are social except ___.

adult boars

If cattle are restrained for any reason in enclosure should have what?

opportunity for daily exercise

What is the most important enrichment for laying hens & broiler breeders?

Nest box

When should perches be offered to poultry?

-laying hens - always, esp at night

-broiler chickens and turkeys - unclear, use rarely

-broiler breeders - use when offered, but use decreases as they increase in size

If sheep are wool biting, what can you do?

increase roughage and hay

Goats are foragers and prefer to eat feed if?

offered above head

What is the flight zone area for extensively vs intensively raised cattle?

extensive - 50m

intensive 2-8m

What way should the handler move to cause animals to move forward utilizing the flight zone?

move behind cattle so as cattle go up shoot, the handler walks down the shoot

When can an electrical prod be used?

°1: Move animal after repeated attempts with nonelectrified driving aids.

°2. To get downed animal up in truck at truck stop or on side of highway where opening truck is not possible

°3. To move animal choking in head stanchion or gate and have become hammed in chute or other equipment

When can the electrical prod not be used?

-only apply to hindquarters and not sensitive areas

-not on newborns, young, or nonambulatory animals

-if it's ineffective, stop use immediately

Sheep must never be picked up by wool, it will cause what?

severe bruising

When can nose snaring be used for pigs?

blood testing and other things, use other devices when possible (boards and panepinot sling)

If sheep must be isolated, they will be less stressed if what?

can see another sheep within 2m

How to handle large turkey or chicken?

grasp one wing near base of body and leg on opposite side and set bird's breast on floor then restrain by grasping both legs

When can animals not be transported unless for necessary medical attention?

nonambulatory, weak, debilitated, about to give birth

nonambulatory animals must be ____ unless they are receiving medical treatment before removal from facility

euthanized

±The US Humane Slaughter Act requires that livestock in the lairage (stockyards) of a slaughter plant must have _____

access to water

IF more than ____% of animals fall during handling a problem exists and must be corrected

1%

what animals are prone to heat stress?

pigs, turkeys, chickens

slope for cattle? slope for swine entering trailer?

cattle - 10cm high w/ 30cm tread width

swine - <15degree slope

Cattle hearing range is most sensitive at ___ Hz.

8000

Livestock have to be unloaded, fed, watered after ___ hours on a vehicle without food or water.

28 hours

At Lairage

-lairage pens must be provided

-pigs should have enough space to?

-if livestock held overnight, must have ______

-all livestock must have _______

- enough space to lay down not on top of each other

-sufficient space to lie down

-access to water

_____incorporates black globe temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed

±heat load index (HLI)

±Thermal neutral zone ranges from _____ for well feathered to ______ for poorly feathered

±Thermal neutral zone ranges from 46-64F for well feathered to 75 to 82F for poorly feathered

________which arises from insufficient night cooling and results in animals entering the day with an accumulated heat load

±accumulated heat load (AHL),

TMZ for beef cattle

<1mo old

mature beef cows

yearlings w/ ad lib energy dense diets

±10C and 30C or 50F and 86F <1m old

±-15 and 28C or 5 and 82F for mature beef cows on maintenance

±-35C and 25C or -31F and 77F for yearlings with ad lib energy dense diets

Shade structures for cattle must?

be able to withstand strong winds

fences, pen dividers, walls, etc must be strong enough to?

withstand impact of direct animal contact

Beef cattle should be castrated prior to ___ months or ___ kg.

2-3 months or 230kg

Disbudding vs dishorning?

°Disbudding - destroys horn producing cells in horn bud

°Dishorning - removal of horns after formed from horn bud

Any US regulations on dishorning or debudding?

no

Who does have regulations on dishorning or debudding?

±CVMA (Canada) recommends doing this in 1st month of life

±UK debudding w/ hot iron preferred and should be done w/in 1st 2m of life

±Australia - dehorning w/o local anesthesia or analgesia restricted to animals <6mo

What is the minimum light intensity for beef cattle during light periods?

70 lux

Colostrum requirements for dairy calves

2-3L within 4-5 hours then another 2-3L within 24 hours

Dairy calves

-how much water to offer

-social housing

-space allotment

-deep bedding if what temp

-clean water from the start

-2.8m2 (30ft2)

-<10C (50C)

After what age is restraint and anesthesia required for supernumerary teat removal?

3 months

Stanchions

Tie stall housing

When housing in tie stalls or stanchions there should be _____ space and electric cow trainers should not what?

lunge

touch cow when standing normally

What ratio should you stock the free stalls at for dairy cattle?

1:1 or less

Dairy cattle

-how often to clean soiled bedding

-TMZ?

-air exchanges per hour when cold? when hot?

-daily

-40-77F (-5 to 25C)

-4, 40-60

When is it considered failure of passive transfer?

IgG <10g/L

How much colostrum for dairy cattle?

4L w/in 6hr of calving

is tail docking okay with dairy cattle?

NO!

Downer cows are unlikely to recover is down for over ___ hrs

48

What are the AVMA tail docking recommendations in dairy cattle?

There are none. AVMA opposes tail docking in dairy cattle.

TMZ for horses?

±distances away

±TNZ of horses is 5°C (41°F) and 20 to 30°C (68 to 86°F)

Why is appropriate bulk necessary for diet of nonruminant herbivores?

±1. maintain a "full" digestive tract

±2. reservoir of water to buffer chyme

±3. maintain constant environment for microbes in large intestines

±4. reduce boredom if stabled

±5. more natural diet

Exercise recommended for box stalled horses?

±Recommended horses confided to box stalls receive 30min of free time or 15min of controlled exercise/day

If a horse is tied with lead rope attached to halter must consider what?

±1. horse should be tied at wither height or above

±2. quick release mechanism should be in place

±3. horse should be tied to something that will not detach or move

±4. no objects in immediate area that horse could injure or entangle upon

Farrowing stalls in pigs must allow sow to do what?

rest comfortably without need for head to rest on feeder

Indoor farrowing pens must have what type of floor?

slatted

Litter management of neonate pigs

°1. naval disinfection with iodine

°2. needle teeth trimmed with disinfected sharp device

°3. tail docked to 1.5 to 2.5cm from body

°4. supplemental iron injected in neck area muscle

°5. individual identification (ear notches or ear tags)

How many piglets per 1 feeder and how many per waterer?

10

10 to 20

If water needs to come on in intervals how long should it be on for?

30 to 45 minutes

For swine breeding and gestation are tether systems allowed? what about gestation crates?

No

depends on the state, but towards trend of not using

optimal air temp for breeding and gestation?

10-25C or 50 to 77F

How can you hasten develpement of gilts?

°keeping in groups of 10-12 per pen with direct contact of mature boars for at least 30m/d

When pigs are in metabolism stalls, how often must they be checked by animal care staff?

twice daily

When are most male pigs castrated?

few days after birth (1014d)

if >14d use local anesthetic or general anesthesia

When are pig needle teeth trimmed?

1-3d no more than 1/2 tooth