Comprehensive Infectious Disease Review: Outbreaks, Respiratory, Skin, Nervous, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

What are the subtypes of Avian Influenza that have caused serious infections in humans?

A(H5N1) and A(H7N9)

When was the A(H5N1) virus subtype first identified?

1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong.

What antiviral drug is known to reduce the duration of viral replication in Avian Influenza?

Oseltamivir

What was the origin of the 2009 Flu Pandemic (A(H1N1)pdm09)?

It most likely emerged from pigs in Asia and spread to North America.

How is the 2009 Flu Pandemic transmitted?

It spreads easily from person to person through infected droplets from coughing or sneezing.

What is the causative agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

SARS-associated coronavirus

What is the typical incubation period for SARS?

2-7 days

What were the global statistics for the SARS outbreak by late July 2003?

8

What is the causative agent of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)?

MERS-CoV (a novel coronavirus)

What are common symptoms of MERS?

Fever

What is the average case fatality rate for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)?

Around 50%

What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Virus Disease?

From wild animals to humans and through human-to-human transmission.

What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease?

Mild fever

What serious conditions are linked to Zika virus infection?

Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

What virus causes COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2

How is COVID-19 primarily transmitted?

Through respiratory droplets when close to an infected person.

What is the causative agent of Strep Throat?

Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)

What are the symptoms of Scarlet Fever?

Fever

What is a complication of pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Rheumatic Fever

What is the causative agent of Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria)

What are the common causative agents of Sinusitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.

What is the causative agent of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What is the causative agent of Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is the causative agent of Whooping Cough?

Bordatella pertussis (bacteria)

What vaccine is used to prevent Whooping Cough?

DTaP or DTP vaccine.

What is Coccidioidomycosis commonly known as?

Valley fever

What is the causative agent of Coccidioidomycosis?

Coccidioides immitis (fungi)

How is Coccidioidomycosis transmitted?

Inhalation of arthroconidia from soil

What is the causative agent of Blastomycosis?

Blastomyces dermatitidis (fungi)

What is the natural reservoir for Blastomycosis?

Soil rich in organic materials

How is Histoplasmosis transmitted?

Inhalation of spores carried by wind from disturbed moist soil

What is the most common fungal systemic disease in humans?

Histoplasmosis

What is Impetigo and its causative agents?

A common skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes

What are the symptoms of Impetigo?

Blisters on the skin

What is Necrotizing Fasciitis commonly known as?

Flesh-eating strep

What causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsia (bacterial parasites)

How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever transmitted?

Bite of an infected hard tick (Dermacentor)

What is the causative agent of Anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

What are the three types of Anthrax?

Cutaneous

What is the causative agent of Smallpox?

Variola virus (orthopoxvirus)

What disease was the first to be eradicated globally?

Smallpox

What is the causative agent of Monkeypox?

Monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus)

What is the causative agent of Chickenpox?

Varicella-Zoster virus

What are the main symptoms of Measles?

Fever

What is the causative agent of Leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

What is the causative agent of Tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

What is the causative agent of Poliomyelitis?

Poliovirus

What is the causative agent of Rabies?

Rabies virus

What is the causative agent of African Trypanosomiasis?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

What is the causative agent of Chagas Disease?

Trypanosoma cruzi

What is the causative agent of Trachoma?

Chlamydia trachomatis

What is the causative agent of Tularemia?

Francisella tularensis

What is the causative agent of Plague?

Yersinia pestis

What are the causative agents of Malaria?

Plasmodium vivax

What is the causative agent of Bacterial Gastroenteritis (Cholera)?

Vibrio cholerae

What bacterium causes Typhoid Fever?

Salmonella typhi

What is the transmission route for Typhoid Fever?

Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water

What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever?

Fever

What is Shigellosis caused by?

Shigella dysenteriae

What are the main symptoms of Shigellosis?

Diarrhea (up to 20 bowel movements a day) with blood

How is Shigellosis transmitted?

Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water

What virus causes Mumps?

Mumps virus

What is the incubation period for Mumps?

Usually 16 to 18 days

What are the symptoms of Mumps?

Fever

What virus causes Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water

What is Giardiasis caused by?

Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia or Cercomonas intestinalis)

What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?

Diarrhea

What is Amebiasis caused by?

Entamoeba histolytica

What are the transmission routes for Amebiasis?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

What is the most common bacterial STI?

Chlamydia

What is the causative agent of Chlamydia?

Chlamydia trachomatis

What are common symptoms of Chlamydia in females?

Vaginal discharge

What is the second most common bacterial STI?

Gonorrhea

What is the causative agent of Gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What are common symptoms of Gonorrhea in males?

Discharge from the penis

What is the causative agent of Syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

What are the stages of Syphilis?

Primary

What are common symptoms of the Primary stage of Syphilis?

Painless sore (chancre) that lasts 1-5 weeks

What is the causative agent of Trichomoniasis?

Trichomonas vaginalis

What are common symptoms of Trichomoniasis in females?

Itching

What virus causes Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

What are the potential outcomes of chronic Hepatitis B infection?

Liver damage

What are the causative agents of Genital Herpes?

HSV-1 and HSV-2

What are the symptoms of Genital Herpes?

Outbreaks of painful sores and blisters

What virus causes Genital Warts?

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

What are the characteristics of HIV?

Attacks the immune system and spreads through bodily fluids

What is the late stage of HIV called?

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

What is the causative agent of Yeast Vaginitis?

Candida albicans

What are common symptoms of Yeast Vaginitis?

Vulvar itching

What causes Thrush?

Candida albicans

What are the symptoms of Thrush?

White creamy patches in the oral cavity

What are Pubic Lice?

Tiny crab-like insects that nest in pubic hair and feed on blood

What causes Scabies?

Mites that burrow under the skin to lay eggs