APUSH unit 7 Roaring 20s

Standard of living

Standard of living

Refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class, geographic area, or time period.

Scientific Management/Ford

Scientific management, pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor, was a theory of management that aimed to improve efficiency in industrial workplaces. Henry Ford implemented assembly line techniques, a form of scientific management, in his automobile factories.

Welfare capitalism

Refers to a system where employers provide social services and benefits to employees beyond wages, often including healthcare, pensions, and other forms of assistance.

Hollywood/Movie industry

The American film industry, centered in Hollywood, California, became a major cultural and economic force during the early to mid-20th century, producing numerous iconic films and stars.

Charles Lindbergh

Known for completing the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927.

Fundamentalism in Religion

A movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasized the literal interpretation of the Bible and adherence to traditional religious beliefs.

Scopes Trial

A highly publicized trial in 1925 in Tennessee, where high school teacher John Scopes was charged with violating state law by teaching evolution in school. The trial highlighted the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism in American society.

Prohibition - 18th Amendment

Prohibition was the nationwide ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution established Prohibition.

Al Capone - organized crime

A notorious gangster who rose to prominence during Prohibition, controlling much of the illegal alcohol trade in Chicago and engaging in various other criminal activities.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted and executed in the 1920s for a robbery and murder many believed they did not commit. Their trial and execution became a symbol of perceived injustices in the American legal system.

Quota Laws

Immigration laws passed in the 1920s that restricted the number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States from certain countries, particularly targeting Southern and Eastern Europeans.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s centered in Harlem, New York, where African American artists, writers, musicians, and intellectuals produced a rich body of literature, music, and art that celebrated African American culture and identity.

Marcus Garvey - back-to-Africa

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican-born leader of the Back-to-Africa movement, which advocated for the resettlement of African Americans in Africa to escape racial discrimination and oppression in the United States.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President of the United States (1923-1929), known for his conservative policies and belief in limited government intervention in the economy.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States (1929-1933), who presided over the early years of the Great Depression.

Black Tuesday

Refers to October 29, 1929, the day when the stock market crashed, leading to the beginning of the Great Depression.

Buying on margin

The practice of purchasing stocks with borrowed money, using the stocks themselves as collateral.

Bank failures

During the Great Depression, numerous banks collapsed due to widespread bank runs and financial instability.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy, including income earned by citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners within the country.

Stock market crash

Refers to the collapse of stock prices on Wall Street in 1929, leading to the Great Depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

A protectionist tariff passed by the U.S. Congress in 1930, which raised import duties to historically high levels, exacerbating the Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

A government agency established during the Hoover administration to provide financial support to banks, railroads, and other businesses during the Great Depression.

Bonus March

A protest by World War I veterans in 1932, who marched on Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of bonuses promised to them for their wartime service.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), who implemented the New Deal policies to address the Great Depression.

Warren Harding

The 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), known for his administration's involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A political scandal during the Harding administration involving the illegal leasing of government-owned oil reserves in Wyoming to private oil companies.

Brain Trust

A group of advisers and experts who helped Franklin D. Roosevelt develop and implement New Deal policies during his presidency.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms implemented by the Roosevelt administration during the 1930s to address the economic and social impacts of the Great Depression.

Bank Holiday

A temporary closure of banks ordered by President Roosevelt shortly after taking office in 1933, aimed at restoring confidence in the banking system.

Fireside Chats

Radio broadcasts by President Roosevelt in which he explained his policies and reassured the American public during the Great Depression.

CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program that provided employment to young men in conservation and natural resource management projects.

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal program aimed at economic development and environmental conservation in the Tennessee Valley region through the construction of dams and other infrastructure projects.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Passed by Congress in 1933, this act provided for the reopening of solvent banks and the reorganization of insolvent ones.

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A government agency established as part of the New Deal to insure bank deposits and maintain stability in the banking system.

SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission

Established by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the SEC regulates the securities industry and protects investors from fraud.

Second New Deal

The second phase of Roosevelt's New Deal, which included additional programs and reforms aimed at providing relief and recovery from the Great Depression.

Social Security Act

Enacted in 1935, this landmark legislation established a system of social insurance, including retirement benefits and unemployment insurance.

Wagner Act

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this 1935 law protected the rights of workers to organize and bargain collectively with their employers.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest and popular radio personality who initially supported Roosevelt's New Deal but later became a critic, advocating for monetary reform and denouncing international bankers and Jews.

Court Packing

Refers to Roosevelt's unsuccessful attempt to expand the size of the Supreme Court in 1937 to gain support for his New Deal programs.

John L. Lewis

A prominent labor leader who played a key role in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and the United Mine Workers.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Enacted in 1938, this law established a minimum wage, maximum working hours, and overtime pay for certain workers.

Dust Bowl - Okies

The Dust Bowl was a severe environmental disaster in the 1930s, characterized by drought and severe dust storms in the Great Plains. "Okies" refers to people from Oklahoma and surrounding states who migrated to California in search of work and better living conditions.