hbs 5.1

epidermis

this is the outermost layer of skin that provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone

dermis

this is the thick layer of fibrous tissue and elastic tissue that gives skin flexibility and strength and contains sweat glands, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.

Subcutaneous layer

this protects fragile organs and bones from pathogens, stores fat and gives body shape

nerves

these serve to sense and transmit heat, pain, and other noxious sensations

blood vessels

these provide nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temperature based on outside temperature

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum into hair follicles to keep skin moist and soft and act as a barrier against foreign substances

sweat gland

this produces sweat in response to heat and stress

hair follicle

this acts as a sensitive touch receptor, bending hair stimulates nerve endings allowing a person to feel that the hair has been moved

arrector pili muscle

this contracts when body is cold to cause the hair to stand up straight on the skin

dermal papillae

this nourishes all hair follicles and brings nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells

elastin

this protein allows for the coiling and recoiling like a spring with elastic fibers of connective tissue, makes skin return to original position

collagen

gives skin smooth, moisturized look by giving skin strength and structure

keratin

give skin its toughness; adheres cells to each other

melanin

determines skin and hair color

Steps of healing after a deep cut

1. inflammation: blood vessels constrict and seal themselves off as the platelets create substances that form a clot and halt bleeding

2. Proliferation:

wound begins to be rebuilt with new healthy granulation tissue, replacing blood clot.

2. Maturation:

cells in epidermis regenerate and scab falls off. A scar made of mainly collagen with little or no blood supply with less flexibility remains

What happens to skin when someone tans

Results:

-UVA rays penetrate to the lower layers of epidermis, which triggers cells (melanocytes) to produce melanin

-melanin is the brown pigment that causes tanning, body's way of protecting skin from burning

What happens to skin when someone burns

Results:

-UV radiation damages the DNA in skin cells

-causes extra blood to travel through capillaries near skin causing redness

-extra blood carries cells to repair damage to cells

prolonged sun exposure consequences

Results:

-skin cancer: abnormal growth of skin cells caused by too much sunburn --\> permanent damage of skin cells

-severe blistering: if you burn extremely it can lead to your skin blistering

Skin at infancy

At this age, the dermis layer is 20-30% thinner than adult skin, don't sweat as much because take in and lose water more, prone to rashes, very soft

skin at adolesence

At this age, there is a rush of hormones causing acne because it blocks hair follicles from oily skin and skin becomes less sensitive

skin at early adulthood

At this age, the epidermis produces new skin cells, proteins in skin give it firmness and elasticity, skin becomes thinner and looser because makes less collagen, acne clears up bc less hormones

skin at middle age

At this age, wrinkles form from sun exposure and smoking, skin becomes even more thinner and dry and less elastic so it begins to sag and fold over itself to form wrinkles

skin at old age

At this age, age spots (spots that have seen the most sun) develop, gland function decline (dryness and broken skin), skin loses fat, collagen, and elastin, skin looks transparent, and wounds take longer to heal

Functions of skin

-protection (mechanical support, protection of toxic substances, protection from sun and radiation)

-regulation (regulates body temp with hair follicles, prevents loss of essential body fluids, excretes toxins in sweat)

-sensation (sensory organ for touch, heat, cold, sexual, and emotional sensations)

how to endorphins keep the body from feeling pain?

they travel to the synapses and do not allow neurotransmitters to travel across the synapse so the message of pain cannot be relayed to the brain

Why does pain signaling move slower than other signals in the body?

it travels through the spinal column to get to the brain unlike other signaling, this is so the person doesn't feel all the pain at once

how does inflammation protect the body

signals pain so you know you need to go get help. the tissue swells as it reacts to the body's pain so we can see it and know that we need to protect the area and get help

CIPA (Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis)

condition where a person cannot feel pain. needs both mutated genes from both parents. These people have a decreased amount of nerve fibers, which doesn't allow the message of pain to reach the brain.

first degree burns

-affects the epidermis only

-red, painful, dry, no blisters, mild sunburn

second degree burns

-affects epidermis and dermis layers

-red, blistered, swollen, painful

third degree burns

-destroys epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer

-white and charred look

fourth degree burns

-damage underlying bones, muscles, and tendons

-no sensation because nerve endings are destroyed

anesthesiologist

-administer anesthesia to manage pain before surgery

-administer inflammatory mediators and consequential systemic hemodynamic instability to reduce stress in the patient

-the early the less the risk of infection

-manage fluids, aid in circulatory support, optimize mechanical ventilation

reconstructive surgeon

-first assessing the patient to determine if they need surgery and what surgery

-decide best surgical procedure for patient

-perform surgery

-follow up after surgery

physical therapist

-help after treatment with gaining back physical ability

-develop plans

-educate patients and family on the recovery process

what type of tissue makes up epidermis?

epithelial

what type of tissue makes up dermis?

connective

what type of tissue makes up subcutaneous layer?

adipose tissue