A&P 1 Exam 5

In neurons, protein synthesis and many (most) other essential cell maintenance functions occur in...

cell bodies or soma

Each voltage-gated Na+ lon channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following describes the gate conditions during repolarization?

activation gats are closed, inactivation gates open
both inactivation and activation gates are closed
both inactivation and activation gates are open
activation gates are open, inactivation gates closed
none of these events occur during repolarization

activation gats are closed, inactivation gates open

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The limbic system includes portions of the brainstem and cerebrum, and causes emotions/drives
A function of the cerebrum is to of the bellow to provide a comparator function for muscle movements
Each cerebral hemisphere has specific abilities
All of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation

a sudden loud noise

which of the following statements about eye movements is TRUE?

since both eyes move in a coordinated fashion, identical sets of cranial nerves are firing simultaneously
the trochlear nerve innervates all the oblique muscles
all 6 muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve
all of these are true
none of these are true

none of these are true

An action potential results when which of the following occur?

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
occurs when the local potential depolarizes to the point sodium activation gates open
occurs when charges across the cell membrane actually flip flop (reverse polarity)
all of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

a local hypopolarization (but not exceeding threshold) occurring on a dendrite or cell body (near a synapse) is called a(an)

resting membrane potential

which of the following statements is true regarding ventricles of the brain?

they form prior to the fontanels (soft spots) of the skull fusing
they have choroid plexuses within their lumens
they are filled with fluid that originally came from blood plasma
all of these are true
none of these are true

all of these are true

Because of its role as part of the limbic system which sense is particularly capable of emotionally charged memories?

smell

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways (which of these is true)?

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons. Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS.
Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not
All of these are true
None of these are true

Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

A blockage of the cerebral aqueduct would likely result in which of the following?

Excess fluid in the 3rd Ventricle
Excess fluid in the R/L Ventricles
Hydrocephaly
All of these
None of these

all of these

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because...

Protein molecules cannot exit through the cell membrane
Calcium ions block Na+ and Cl- channels
Of its positive electrical charge
There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+
There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for Na+ than K+

There are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Conveys action potentials to the CNS
Transmits action potentials to sensory organs
Does not involve sensory receptors
Stimulates muscle contractions
Stimulates glands to release hormones

Conveys action potentials to the CNS

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the ____ and then possibly onto the cerebrum

Cerebellum
Corpus Callosum
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
None of these

none of these

Maintaining voltage-gated sodium channels with closed activation gates during resting potential is sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of which of the following?

Potassium ions
Calcium ions
Proteins
Sodium ions
Chloride ions

calcium ions

Which of the following is TRUE about memory?

Sensory memory last several minutes (until it can be processes in the cerebellum)
Procedural memory is primarily what you are using for this exam
The midbrain is involved with storing spatial memory
All of these are true
None of these

none of these are true

Depolarization of the nerve cell membranes occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of...

Chloride ions
Proteins
Potassium ions
All of these
None of these

none of these

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system...

Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Has nerve cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglia near the spinal cord
In a division of the CNS
Regulates the digestion of food
Detects a stimulus

Transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

Which of the following brain regions is associated with the motor ability of speaking (producing sounds/words)?

Insular Lobe
Pons
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Amygdala

Broca's area

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the...

Decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla
Need for ipsi-lateral control of body function
Division of the cerebellum into two hemispheres
Division of the cerebrum into two hemispheres
Brainstem being below the midbrain

Decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla

If a local potential (change) occurs, and the threshold voltage is crossed this results in a/an...

Resting potential
Action potential
Local response
All of these
None of these

action potential

Which of the following cranial nerves is/are purely sensory?

Accessory
Trochlear
Vestibulocochlear
Facial
None of these

Vestibulocochlear

Which of the following structures may be damaged if a person is unable to form new memories?

Cerebrum
Temporal Lobe
Hippocampus
All of these
None of these

All of these

Which of the following is TRUE about the formation of the nervous system?

Starts in the last (3rd) trimester
Neural folds fuse to form neural tube
Starts as a neural tube that flattens
All of these
None of these

Neural folds fuse to form neural tube

Which of the following statements about the midbrain is TRUE?

Contains substantia nigra
Neuromelanin occurs here
Loss of neurons here is relates to Parkinson's disease
All of these
None of these

all of these

The primary somatic motor cortex...

is located in the frontal lobe
Is in the precentral gyrus
Connects to motor neurons
All of these
None of these

all of these

The lateral fissure separates the ________ from other lobes of the cerebrum.

temporal lobe

When repolarization of a neuron is complete...

the resting potential is restored

Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?

The number of ESPSs in relation to the number of ISPSs

which of the following best explains the fact that we have reflexes that occur "automatically" AND yet we are also able to sense or be aware of the stimulus that cause the reflex response?

convergent neuronal pathways
divergent neuronal pathways
duplicate neuronal pathways
bi-directional neuronal pathways
conduction of action potentials by glial cells (oligodendrocytes)

divergent neuronal pathways

Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia (glial cells) is TRUE?

Neuroglia only occur in the CNS
Neuroglia conduct phagocytosis in CNS
Neuroglia conduct action potentials
All of these are true
None of these are true

Neuroglia conduct phagocytosis in CNS

When someone picks up a hot horseshoe and drops it almost immediately, what sequence of cells and/or cell parts are activated (conduct an action potential) in normal reflex response?
(1) motor neuron
(2) cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
(3) muscle fibers
(4) sensory neuron

4. 2. 1. 3

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is increases...

The change is called hyperpolarization

During the absolute refractory period, the cell...

Is incapable of responding to further stimulation

Which of the following best describes the collection of nuclei that are involved with communicating with the cerebrum to maintain alertness and consciousness?

Cerebellum
Reticular activating system
Pre-frontal cortex
Medulla oblongata
Limbic system

Reticular activating system

Which of the following events will lead towards hypopolarization?

An increase is Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid
An decrease is K+ ions in the extracellular fluid
An increase is K+ ions in the extracellular fluid
An increase in the rate of diffusion of K+ ions from cells
None of these events would cause hypopolarization

An increase is K+ ions in the extracellular fluid

The innermost (deepest) layer of the meninges is the...

pia mater

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption?
It is absorbed into lymph
It is absorbed in the vertebral canal
The fluid returns to blood plasma
All of these are true
None of these are true

The fluid returns to blood plasma

Gap junctions are functional electrical synapses found in which of the following?

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Muscular layer of hollow organs
All of these
None of these

all of these

Which of the following reflexes primarily involves the relaxation of antagonistic muscle(s) when stepping on a painful stimulus (goat-head, tack, etc.)?
Withdrawal (pt. 1)
Stretch
Crossed Extensor (pt. 3)
Reciprocal innervation (pt. 2)
Golgi-tendon

Reciprocal innervation (pt. 2)

Dentists anesthetize branches of which of the following to stop pain impulses from a drilling on teeth of both the upper and lower?

Facial
Trochlear
Abduscens
Accessory
Trigeminal Nerve

trigeminal nerve

White matter is composed of...

Bundles of myelinated axons

The oculomotor nerves...

Are involved in eye movement
Regulate shape of lens (accommodation)
Control size of the pupil
All of these
None of these

all of these

Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence.
(1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential
(2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell
(3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases
(5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5. 3. 2. 4. 1

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a(n)...

local potential

In some cells, an after-potential (hyperpolarization) occurs because...

The potassium ions continue to leave the cell after depolarization is finished
The extracellular Na+ ion concentration is reduced
The sodium-potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane
All of these
None of these

The potassium ions continue to leave the cell after depolarization is finished

What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

The morphology or shape of the motor neurons responsible for making a fist is...

multipolar

The central sulcus separates the...

Parietal and Temporal lobes
Occipital and Temporal lobes
Temporal and Frontal lobes
Two parietal lobes
None of these

none of these

the fact that a single motor neuron can be activated by both a neuron from the primary motor cortex and also from an association neuron in the spinal cord is an example of a(n) _______ pathway

convergent

The cerebral cortex...

the gray matter on the cerebrum's surface

Which of the following statements regarding the establishment of resting membrane potentials is TRUE?

Na+/K+ exchange pumps contribute by moving both Na+ and K+ out of the cell
The extracellular positive charge is largely due to interstitial proteins
It depends on all the Na+ and K+ channels being gated
All of these
None of these

all of these

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration via autonomic reflexes?

Pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebrum, hypothalamus
Pons, thalamus
Pons, hypothalamus
Pons, corpus callosum

Pons, medulla oblongata

Which of the following is TRUE regarding spina bifida?

Spina bifida occulta is obvious because of an outpocketing of meninges and spinal cord
Spina bifida cystica may go undiagnosed because there are usually few external symptoms
Spina bifida can develop after a child is born
All of these
None of these

none of these

the spinal cord.....

links the PNS to the brain

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Anterior horn - motor neuron cell bodies (sending efferent signals)
Posterior horn - association neuron cell bodies (receiving afferent signals
)
Dorsal root ganglia - swollen area on dorsal root (contains afferent cell bodies)
All of these
None of these

all of these

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called...

nodes of ranvier

which of the following regions of the spinal cord is associated with neuronal cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system?

lateral horn

the clinical procedure of a spinal block involves which of the following?

injecting anesthesia into the space superficial to the dura mater
injecting anesthesia into the subarachnoid space
injecting anesthesia directly into the spinal cord at or above L2
injecting neurotransmitters into the spinal nerves

injecting anesthesia into the subarachnoid space

the myelinated axons that extend from one hemisphere across to the other hemisphere of the cerebrum are called.....

association fibers
projection fibers
commissural fibers
all of these
none of these

commissural fibers

during a particularly fascinating A&P lecture researchers placed EEG leads on the heads of several students. which of the following student behaviors is/are correctly matched with the type of wave pattern they would most likely exhibit?

student taking notes- alpha waves
students that are mediating or peacefully praying = beta waves
students that have fallen asleep= delta/theta waves

students that have fallen asleep= delta/theta waves

which of the following details about cranial nerves is/are true?

cranial nerve VII is the facial nerve
cranial nerve XII is the hypoglossal nerve
the vagus nerve includes sensory function
all of these
none of these

all of these

Which of the following is TRUE of the nervous system?
Monitors internal & external stimuli
Interprets or assesses information via action potentials
Maintains homeostasis
All of these

all of these

which of the following is/are true about the dermatomal map?

specific afferent fibers from the skin enter the spinal cord via ventral roots
cleavage lines align in parallel to orientiation of the preponderance of collagen fibers in the dermis
sensory perception of specific regions of the skin are associated with specific spinal nerves
all of these are true
none of these are true

sensory perception of specific regions of the skin are associated with specific spinal nerves

which of the following is/are a function of the cerebellum?

coordinate/control skeletal muscles to maintain balance
help in the maintenance of muscle tone/posture
control/coordinate locomotion and fine motor coordination
all of these
none of these

all of these

this patient arrived at the ER complaining of sever headache, nausea, talking ultimaetly and had lack of sensation in part of the face and neck. the patient died and an autopsy showed damaged tissues (black area) that was the result of a ruptured blood vessel. which lobes is/was primarily affected by the blocked blood vessels?

parietal

this patient arrived at the ER complaining of sever headache, nausea, talking ultimaetly and had lack of sensation in part of the face and neck. the patient died and an autopsy showed damaged tissues (black area) that was the result of a ruptured blood vessel. because he was unable to feel part of his neck and face the damage must have included which of the specific structures

postcentral gyrus

an autopsy of a deceased emergency room patient showed damaged tissues (black area) that was the result of a ruptured blood vessel. which of the following is/are correct?

all of these

this patient arrived at the EQR with indications of a severe headache (holding head, grimacing), nausea, and difficulty talking coherently (had no problem saying words but the sentences did not make sense or have any meaning). The CT scan showed a region of damaged tissue (small star in circle) that was the result of a blood clot causing a complete blockage (effected area is pale). damage to which of the structures below likely explains the patients inability to speak (aphasia)?

wernicke's area

what structure is indicated by the dark area indicated by the "A" pointer/arrow?

lateral ventricle