Chapter 3 test

Enlightenment

From 1650-1800, European philosophers began rethinking old ideas about government, religion, economics which led to an era known as the…

Thomas Hobbes

lived through the English Civil War, wrote Leviathan, believed people chose a leader to rule them and made an unwritten social contract, giving the leader absolute power.

John Locke

Disagreed with Hobbes, advocated the idea of a "social contract, believed people had the right to live, enjoy liberty and own property. Wrote Two Treaties of Government.

Philosophies of the Enlightenment

• New truths could be discovered by using logic and reason

• belief in progress, that the world can be improved, and that life should be enjoyed

• people are born with natural rights

New idea of Enlightenment

A government’s power comes from the consent of the govern’d

Voltaire

French philosopher, believed in rights of freedom of speech & religion, criticized intolerance, oppression & prejudice.

Baron De Montequieu

French philosopher, agreed with John Locke, believed in separation in powers divided among 3 branches with a system of checks and balances.

Jean- Jacques Rousse

Swiss philosopher, believed in individual freedom and that people are naturally good but power corrupts them, government should exist to protect common good and become a democracy.

Cesare Beccaria

Italian philosopher, Believed punishments should not be exercises of brutality and was against the death penalty, also believed in speedy trials.

French Revolution

A struggle between a powerful Monarch and the people.

What led to the French Revolution

political, social, and economic problems

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

First Estate

• the clergy of the Roman Catholic church

• owned 10% of land in France but paid little to no taxes

Second Estate

• made up of rich nobles

• exempt from paying taxes

Third Estate

• poor peasants but also well educated

• made up 97% of population

Bourgeoisie

• middle class

• merchants, professionals, and manufacturers.

• paid 50% percent of their income to taxes

• Believed in Enlightenment ideals

What were the goals of the third estate

democracy, equality, and liberty in France

What was the French government going through at this time?

a financial crisis through the 1770s/1780s, the government faced massive debts due to decades of lavish spending, expensive wars, & poor economic planning.

Why were King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette loathed?

The excessive spending by King Louis XVI and his wife angered French citizens.

National assembly (1789)

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. Took away the Church's land and independence.

Tennis Court Oath

a new constitution and limitations on the king’s power.

What is represented as the beginning of the French Revolution?

The Storming of Bastille (1789)

Reign of terror

A period of violence and fear during the French Revolution. A time were many were imprisoned and 40,000 “traitors” were executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French. He set up government-run public schools and the Napoleonic Code. Introduced reforms, defeated foreign armies, and conquered a massive french empire. Exiled but returned and defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleonic Code

System of laws established for France by Napoleon.

• made it worse for women and children

• it did not support freedom of speech and press

Napolean hero

• Brought stability to France after the Revolution 

• Created a new code of laws that is still used today 

• Revolutionized military tactics 

• Able administrator 

Napolean Villian

Did not allow freedom of speech or press  Took France to war to satisfy his desire for glory  Wreaked havoc on Europe, causing millions of death  Millions of dollars were spent on conflict  Continued tension in all of Europe Napolean code made things worse for women and children

Deceleration of rights of man and citizen

1789 document; a basic charter of human liberties containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution. Inspired by the Enlightenment

From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was colonized by Europe, especially…

Spain

Peninsulares

people born in Spain, royal governors who enforced mercantilism and maintained order in the colony

Creoles

• People born in Latin America with Spanish parents

• had land and wealth, but no political power

• and resented inferior social, political, and economic status. Initiated most Latin American Revolutions.

Mulattoes

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Who made up the bottom of the social hierarchy in Latin America?

Natives and African slaves

What were Latin Americans inspired by to gain independence?

American & French Revolutions along with enlightenment ideas

Who was the first Latin American colony to free itself from European rule?

Hati

What country was Hati ruled by?

France

Toussiant Louverture

A leader in the Haitian Revolution, which led to the abolition of slavery in Hati and the creation of a republic.

South American nations gained their independence because of the leadership of these two creole generals...

Simon Bolivar, San Martin

Simon Bolivar

• led army of revolutionaries against Spain

• created new nations of grand Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia,

Miguel Hidalo

• poor educated Catholic priest

• used enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain

• led to Mexico’s independence and republic