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Reconstruction
the period following the civil war
Freedmen’s Bureau
an organization to help former slaves. Provided things like food, schools, and legal help
Black Codes
Laws passed in the south to limit the rights of African Americans
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
14th Amendment
equal protection clause
15th Amendment
African American men can vote
How and Why did Reconstruction end?
Lack of support from the North for racial equality
Southern democrats reversed many reforms and resisted efforts to help integrate former slaves into society.
End of Reconstruction was marked by Haye’s approval to remove troops from the South
Successes of Reconstruction
Economic growth in the South
The union being rebuild
Addition of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
Creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau
Public Schools in the South
Push (as a reason to immigrate)
something that makes someone want to leave a place
overpopulation
poor living conditions
high unemployment
Pull (as a reason to immigrate)
something that attracts someone to a place
job opportunities
higher living standards
educational opportunities
Ellis Island
Main immigration port on the East Coast
Urbanization
the growth of cities
Angel Island
the Ellis Island of the West Coast
Chinese Exclusion Act
banned all Chinese laborers from entering the US. It was a response to California labor laws
Nativism
a policy favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants
Andrew Carnegie
Scottish immigrant who made his fortune in the steel industry. He used the Bessemer process to produce stronger, but cheaper steel. Donated most of his fortune to different establishments once he retired
Gospel of Wealth
An idea proposed by Andrew Carnegie that wealthy Americans have a duty to use their wealth for the common good
Social Darwinism and Big Business
Social Darwinism is about survival of the fittest, so to survive in big business people use any means necessary. This included practices like monopolies, cartels, and trusts.
John Rockefeller
Made his fortune in the oil business, but was known to use robber baron practices to make his fortune. Formed the Standard Oil Company. He made illegal deals with railroads to transport oil cheaply, thus weakening other oil refineries.
Effects of Big Business
increased job opportunities
established a new class of wealthy individuals
growth in industrialism and cities
poor living conditions in the cities
overcrowding
dangerous work environments
Barbed Wire
It was used by farmers against cattle drives to fence in their private property. This prevented crops being stomped on.
Buffalo
A food source for Indians, so when the gov’t was killing buffalo it was starving out the Indians
Native American Loss of Land
Lost land to white settlers moving West
White settlers wanted to use the land for railways, mining, and to industrialize
Settlers felt that God gave them the right to the land
Dawes Act
Gave plots of land to Native American families, but land was not food for farming. However Native Americans had no interest in farming.
The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate Native Americans to white culture
Carlisle Boarding School
strict and gloomy
attempted to assimilate Native American Culture
Forced children to pick white names, wear white people’s clothes
Boys had to cut their hair
Abandon culture and beliefs
Progressive Era
a collection of reforms enacted on all levels. Progressives believed more political action and reform were needed for progress in society
Women’s Suffrage
Women’s voting rights
Alice Paul
Women’s suffrage activist and movement leader
Led the charge from behind the scenes of protests and picketing lines until she was sent to prison
Hunger strike in prison
19th Amendment
Women were able to vote
Tenement Housing Problems
Overcrowding
Unsanitary
Workplace Condition Change
Safer working conditions
Work less for more
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
a fire that led to safety codes
The Jungle by Upton Sinclar
brought attention to the horrors workers faced in the meatpacking industry
Nationalism
loyalty to one’s country
owns nations interests are viewed superior to those of other nations
nations who wanted land back that had natives living there
France and Russia
areas that wanted to gain national independence from countries that had engulfed their culture
Czechs and Poles
Militarism
the build up of armies, navies, and weaponry
imperialist nations had sparked an arms race to defend their holdings and possibly gain or regain territory
Alliances
formal agreement between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes
created to protect national security and provide aide in the event of an attack
Imperialism
dividing up areas of the world among more powerful countries
european powers competed with each other for raw materials and colonies
Allies →Triple Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia (left)
Serbia
Belgium
Italy
US
Central Powers → Triple Alliance
Italy (Left)
Ottoman Empire
Germany
Bulgaria
Austria-Hungary
Russia
Trench Warfare
Trenches were elongated pits dug 6-8ft into the Earth and stretching out over hundreds or miles
trenches were only wide enough to allow two men to pass side-by-side
No Man’s Land
the distance between opposing trenches
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
heir to the Austria-Hungary throne
wanted to make the Bosnian lives better
Black Hand
Serbian terrorist organization
sent a small group of teenage operatives to assassinate the Archduke
wanted to recreate greater Serbia
Zimmerman Note
a proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico for Mexico to attack the US southern borders to recapture their lost lands
the plan was to keep the US out of Europe long enough for Germany to win the war before the US arrived on behalf of the Allies
Wilson released letter to press
Wilson’s 14 Points
Plan for peace
end causes of war
no secret treaties
freedom of the seas
reduction of weapons
self determination
Self-determination
power to make decision about one’s future
liberate people whose lands were controlled by others
League of Nations
international peacekeeping organization that would protects its members
US never joined
congress prohibited
Treaty of Versailles Components
German colonies given to Allies
Alsace-Lorraine given to France
Border changes for Italy, Greece, Romania, and Belgium
New Countries created; Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia
Germany held responsible and must reduce military
Germany forced to pay reparations
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany breaks the sussex pledge
Sussex Pledge
Germany must announce themselves to ships before firing upon them
Woodrow Wilson
President during the WWI
Technology/Weaponry used in WWI
bolt-action rifle
machine gun
artillery
poisonous gas
zeppelin
tank
trenches
Imperialism Policy
policy of establishing and building empires
stronger nations create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily
Annexation of Hawaii
1893 a marine group led by Sanford Dole overthrow Queen Liliuokalani
Dole was made governor and he then asks for annexation to the US
Annexation of Alaska
Purchased by Secretary of State William G. Seward
People that it was crazy and not a good deal
America’s Position of Neurtrality
Became increasingly difficult
US gave money to the Allies
Zimmermann’s telegram
Submarine warfare
1/3 of the US population were either first or second generation immigrants from England, France, Germany, etc
Effect of New Weapons and Trench Warfare
prolonged warfare through a stalemate
Stalemate
neither side could gain an advantage
Flapper
challenged the conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior
Prohibition (18th Amendment)
illegalization of alcohol
was popular among women because their husbands were slowly leaving their responsibilities
it was difficult to enforce because of bootleggers and speakeasies
Bootleggers
suppliers of illegal alcohol
Speakeasies
illegal, underground bars
1920s Fads
Radio
Mass Media
Motion Pictures
Jazz
a style of music that grew out of the African American music of the South
Immigration Quotas
restrict or ban immigrants from certain countries
Ku Klux Klan
Lynching of African Americans and discriminated based of race
Tulsa Race Massacre
Bombing of black wall street
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Created the Food and Drug Administration
Required prescriptions to be given from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs
Requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs
Food and Drug Adminstration
Responsible for resting all foods and drugs destined for human consumption
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
all animals were required to pass an inspection by the FDA prior to slaughter
all carcasses were subject to a post-mortem inspection
cleanliness standards were established for slaughter houses and processing plants
Black Tuesday
the stock market crash in 1929 where millions of shares were sold in a massive frenzy
Buying on the Margin
buying money to purchase stocks
New Deal
a series of programs implemented by FDR during his first 100 days of presidency to help with the relief, reform, and recovery of the Great Depression
Bank Run
people went to the bank to withdraw all their savings, but banks did not keep that much cash on hand
Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act
Raised tariffs on US imports by 50%
FDIC
an independents government agency to help public confidence in the US financial system
it ensured depositors for at least $250,00 per insured bank
Social Security
provided the pension system, unemployment benefits, aid to dependent children, maternal and child welfare, public health systems, and aid to the blind
Dust Bowl
a series of dust storms during the 1930s
Okies
the group of people displaced by the Dust Bowl; primarily from Oklahoma and surrounding states
Herber Hoover
the president associated with the Great Depression
TVA
An independent agency to further economic development in the impoverished, mountainous region in majority of Tennessee and parts of six surrounding states.
SEC
Security and Exchange Commision. Had the power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies.
Civilian Conservation Corps
Help put unemployed young men into work on public land projects. Men between the ages 18-25 could enroll during the first three months of the program.
Causes of the Great Depression
Overproduction and underconsumption, lack of government regulation, banking problems, and reliance on credit
Fascism
The use of military conquest to bring back the glory of Ancient Rome
Individual liberties are crushed and state is paramount
Nazism
The use of military force to eliminate opposition
Civil liberties were crushed, territorial expansion, and extreme nationalism and racism
Communism
Only party in authority
State owns the farms, planned for the economy, and purges to maintain political control
Totalitarianism
A centralized and dictatorial government
Treaty of Versailles
Outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the Allies
Was used to punish Germany for its crimes during the first world war
Appeasement
Britain’s policy in the 1930’s that allowed Hitler to expand German territory without being checked
Isolationism
Avoiding involvement in any world affairs
Blitzkrieg
A military campaign with the intent to have a swift victory
Holocaust
The mass genocide of European Jews led by the Nazis during WW2
Nuremberg Laws
Laws passed to legally make Jews different from other people
Genocide
The deliberate killing of a huge group of people from a particular demographic
“Official” Start of WW2
German Invasion of Poland in 1939
Rationing
Trying to stretch out how long resources can be sued
Internment Campls
Camps that housed Japanese Americans as a result of Executive Order 9066 following the bombing of Pearl Harbor
D-Day (Normandy)
The Allies attempt at gaining a foothold in Europe to stop the Germans
The Manhattan Project
Work for the creation for the Atomic Bomb