Cumulative Final Review

Reconstruction

the period following the civil war

Freedmen’s Bureau

an organization to help former slaves. Provided things like food, schools, and legal help

Black Codes

Laws passed in the south to limit the rights of African Americans

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

equal protection clause

15th Amendment

African American men can vote

How and Why did Reconstruction end?

• Lack of support from the North for racial equality

• Southern democrats reversed many reforms and resisted efforts to help integrate former slaves into society.

• End of Reconstruction was marked by Haye’s approval to remove troops from the South

Successes of Reconstruction

• Economic growth in the South

• The union being rebuild

• Addition of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

• Creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau

• Public Schools in the South

Push (as a reason to immigrate)

something that makes someone want to leave a place

• overpopulation

• poor living conditions

• high unemployment

Pull (as a reason to immigrate)

something that attracts someone to a place

• job opportunities

• higher living standards

• educational opportunities

Ellis Island

Main immigration port on the East Coast

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Angel Island

the Ellis Island of the West Coast

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned all Chinese laborers from entering the US. It was a response to California labor laws

Nativism

a policy favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant who made his fortune in the steel industry. He used the Bessemer process to produce stronger, but cheaper steel. Donated most of his fortune to different establishments once he retired

Gospel of Wealth

An idea proposed by Andrew Carnegie that wealthy Americans have a duty to use their wealth for the common good

Social Darwinism and Big Business

Social Darwinism is about survival of the fittest, so to survive in big business people use any means necessary. This included practices like monopolies, cartels, and trusts.

John Rockefeller

Made his fortune in the oil business, but was known to use robber baron practices to make his fortune. Formed the Standard Oil Company. He made illegal deals with railroads to transport oil cheaply, thus weakening other oil refineries.

Effects of Big Business

• increased job opportunities

• established a new class of wealthy individuals

• growth in industrialism and cities

• poor living conditions in the cities

• overcrowding

• dangerous work environments

Barbed Wire

It was used by farmers against cattle drives to fence in their private property. This prevented crops being stomped on.

Buffalo

A food source for Indians, so when the gov’t was killing buffalo it was starving out the Indians

Native American Loss of Land

• Lost land to white settlers moving West

• White settlers wanted to use the land for railways, mining, and to industrialize

• Settlers felt that God gave them the right to the land

Dawes Act

Gave plots of land to Native American families, but land was not food for farming. However Native Americans had no interest in farming.

The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate Native Americans to white culture

Carlisle Boarding School

• strict and gloomy

• attempted to assimilate Native American Culture

• Forced children to pick white names, wear white people’s clothes

• Boys had to cut their hair

• Abandon culture and beliefs

Progressive Era

a collection of reforms enacted on all levels. Progressives believed more political action and reform were needed for progress in society

Women’s Suffrage

Women’s voting rights

Alice Paul

• Women’s suffrage activist and movement leader

• Led the charge from behind the scenes of protests and picketing lines until she was sent to prison

• Hunger strike in prison

19th Amendment

Women were able to vote

Tenement Housing Problems

Overcrowding

Unsanitary

Workplace Condition Change

Safer working conditions

Work less for more

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

a fire that led to safety codes

The Jungle by Upton Sinclar

brought attention to the horrors workers faced in the meatpacking industry

Nationalism

• loyalty to one’s country

• owns nations interests are viewed superior to those of other nations

• nations who wanted land back that had natives living there

  • France and Russia

• areas that wanted to gain national independence from countries that had engulfed their culture

  • Czechs and Poles

Militarism

• the build up of armies, navies, and weaponry

• imperialist nations had sparked an arms race to defend their holdings and possibly gain or regain territory

Alliances

• formal agreement between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes

• created to protect national security and provide aide in the event of an attack

Imperialism

• dividing up areas of the world among more powerful countries

• european powers competed with each other for raw materials and colonies

Allies →Triple Entente

• Great Britain

• France

• Russia (left)

• Serbia

• Belgium

• Italy

• US

Central Powers → Triple Alliance

• Italy (Left)

• Ottoman Empire

• Germany

• Bulgaria

• Austria-Hungary

• Russia

Trench Warfare

• Trenches were elongated pits dug 6-8ft into the Earth and stretching out over hundreds or miles

• trenches were only wide enough to allow two men to pass side-by-side

No Man’s Land

the distance between opposing trenches

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• heir to the Austria-Hungary throne

• wanted to make the Bosnian lives better

Black Hand

• Serbian terrorist organization

• sent a small group of teenage operatives to assassinate the Archduke

• wanted to recreate greater Serbia

Zimmerman Note

• a proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico for Mexico to attack the US southern borders to recapture their lost lands

• the plan was to keep the US out of Europe long enough for Germany to win the war before the US arrived on behalf of the Allies

• Wilson released letter to press

Wilson’s 14 Points

• Plan for peace

  • end causes of war

    • no secret treaties

    • freedom of the seas

    • reduction of weapons

  • self determination

Self-determination

• power to make decision about one’s future

• liberate people whose lands were controlled by others

League of Nations

• international peacekeeping organization that would protects its members

• US never joined

  • congress prohibited

Treaty of Versailles Components

• German colonies given to Allies

• Alsace-Lorraine given to France

• Border changes for Italy, Greece, Romania, and Belgium

• New Countries created; Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia

• Germany held responsible and must reduce military

• Germany forced to pay reparations

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany breaks the sussex pledge

Sussex Pledge

Germany must announce themselves to ships before firing upon them

Woodrow Wilson

President during the WWI

Technology/Weaponry used in WWI

• bolt-action rifle

• machine gun

• artillery

• poisonous gas

• zeppelin

• tank

• trenches

Imperialism Policy

• policy of establishing and building empires

• stronger nations create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily

Annexation of Hawaii

1893 a marine group led by Sanford Dole overthrow Queen Liliuokalani

Dole was made governor and he then asks for annexation to the US

Annexation of Alaska

Purchased by Secretary of State William G. Seward

People that it was crazy and not a good deal

America’s Position of Neurtrality

Became increasingly difficult

• US gave money to the Allies

• Zimmermann’s telegram

• Submarine warfare

• 1/3 of the US population were either first or second generation immigrants from England, France, Germany, etc

Effect of New Weapons and Trench Warfare

prolonged warfare through a stalemate

Stalemate

neither side could gain an advantage

Flapper

challenged the conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior

Prohibition (18th Amendment)

illegalization of alcohol

was popular among women because their husbands were slowly leaving their responsibilities

it was difficult to enforce because of bootleggers and speakeasies

Bootleggers

suppliers of illegal alcohol

Speakeasies

illegal, underground bars

1920s Fads

Radio

Mass Media

Motion Pictures

Jazz

a style of music that grew out of the African American music of the South

Immigration Quotas

restrict or ban immigrants from certain countries

Ku Klux Klan

Lynching of African Americans and discriminated based of race

Tulsa Race Massacre

Bombing of black wall street

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Created the Food and Drug Administration

Required prescriptions to be given from licensed physicians before a patient could purchase certain drugs

Requirement of label warnings on habit-forming drugs

Food and Drug Adminstration

Responsible for resting all foods and drugs destined for human consumption

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• all animals were required to pass an inspection by the FDA prior to slaughter

• all carcasses were subject to a post-mortem inspection

• cleanliness standards were established for slaughter houses and processing plants

Black Tuesday

the stock market crash in 1929 where millions of shares were sold in a massive frenzy

Buying on the Margin

buying money to purchase stocks

New Deal

a series of programs implemented by FDR during his first 100 days of presidency to help with the relief, reform, and recovery of the Great Depression

Bank Run

people went to the bank to withdraw all their savings, but banks did not keep that much cash on hand

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

Raised tariffs on US imports by 50%

FDIC

an independents government agency to help public confidence in the US financial system

it ensured depositors for at least $250,00 per insured bank

Social Security

provided the pension system, unemployment benefits, aid to dependent children, maternal and child welfare, public health systems, and aid to the blind

Dust Bowl

a series of dust storms during the 1930s

Okies

the group of people displaced by the Dust Bowl; primarily from Oklahoma and surrounding states

Herber Hoover

the president associated with the Great Depression

TVA

An independent agency to further economic development in the impoverished, mountainous region in majority of Tennessee and parts of six surrounding states.

SEC

Security and Exchange Commision. Had the power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, transfer agents, and clearing agencies.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Help put unemployed young men into work on public land projects. Men between the ages 18-25 could enroll during the first three months of the program.

Causes of the Great Depression

Overproduction and underconsumption, lack of government regulation, banking problems, and reliance on credit

Fascism

The use of military conquest to bring back the glory of Ancient Rome

Individual liberties are crushed and state is paramount

Nazism

The use of military force to eliminate opposition

Civil liberties were crushed, territorial expansion, and extreme nationalism and racism

Communism

Only party in authority

State owns the farms, planned for the economy, and purges to maintain political control

Totalitarianism

A centralized and dictatorial government

Treaty of Versailles

Outlined the conditions of peace between Germany and the Allies

Was used to punish Germany for its crimes during the first world war

Appeasement

Britain’s policy in the 1930’s that allowed Hitler to expand German territory without being checked

Isolationism

Avoiding involvement in any world affairs

Blitzkrieg

A military campaign with the intent to have a swift victory

Holocaust

The mass genocide of European Jews led by the Nazis during WW2

Nuremberg Laws

Laws passed to legally make Jews different from other people

Genocide

The deliberate killing of a huge group of people from a particular demographic

“Official” Start of WW2

German Invasion of Poland in 1939

Rationing

Trying to stretch out how long resources can be sued

Internment Campls

Camps that housed Japanese Americans as a result of Executive Order 9066 following the bombing of Pearl Harbor

D-Day (Normandy)

The Allies attempt at gaining a foothold in Europe to stop the Germans

The Manhattan Project

Work for the creation for the Atomic Bomb