Endogenous Hydrogen and Fever Mechanisms

A set of 40 flashcards based on lecture notes discussing endogenous hydrogen, fever mechanisms, immune responses, and wound healing. Ideal for review and exam preparation.

What are endogenous hydrogen sources?

They are made by our cells, specifically white blood cells, in response to infections.

What is the role of white blood cells during bacterial infection?

White blood cells like neutrophils and macrophages respond to infections by releasing substances that can induce a fever.

How does a fever affect metabolic rate?

For every degree increase in temperature, metabolic rate increases, enhancing chemical reactions.

What happens to bacteria when body temperature rises?

Increased temperature helps stabilize proteins in bacteria, suppressing their replication.

When do harmful effects of fever begin to occur?

Harmful effects can start when body temperature exceeds 105 degrees Fahrenheit.

What physical response occurs to help increase body temperature?

Shivering and curling up to minimize heat loss.

What signifies the end of a fever?

The release of prostaglandins ceases, leading to sweating and a return to normal body temperature.

How does sweating help in regulating temperature?

Sweating cools the body by evaporating sweat off the skin, removing heat.

What is Reyes Syndrome?

A condition that can be triggered by giving aspirin to children with fever, causing liver and brain swelling.

What does the cavernous sinus do?

Acts as a heat exchanger in the brain, helping to regulate temperature.

What is COS-1 responsible for?

Maintaining protective vasodilation and organ perfusion.

What is hyperthermia?

A dangerously high body temperature, typically above 105 degrees Fahrenheit.

What are the two regions of organs mentioned?

The parenchyma and the stroma.

What is regeneration in tissue healing?

The process where cells rebuild functional tissue after injury.

What does fibrosis result in?

Fibrosis leads to loss of function due to the inability to regenerate structures.

What are the three types of wound healing intention?

Primary intention, secondary intention, and tertiary intention.

Define primary intention in wound healing.

Healing with edges approximated, where a clean incision is made.

What is secondary intention in wound healing?

Healing of large tissue gaps that cannot be approximated.

What describes tertiary intention healing?

Wound healing that involves leaving a wound open initially due to infection risk.

What is debridement?

The process of cleaning out a wound to promote healing.

What is granulation tissue?

The new tissue that forms during wound healing, rich in blood vessels.

What happens to scar tissue over time?

Scar tissue remodels and becomes less puffy but remains weaker than the original tissue.

What is the initial response to tissue injury?

Hemostasis, which prevents blood loss.

How does the body compensate for increased ATP demands during fever?

By increasing the rate of respiration to supply more oxygen.

What are labile and stable cells?

Labile cells are constantly dividing, while stable cells can divide in response to injury.

What is the function of fibroblasts in wound healing?

Fibroblasts produce collagen and extracellular matrix to support tissue repair.

What type of collagen is initially laid down during healing?

Type three collagen is initially produced before transitioning to type one.

At what stage of healing does re-epithelialization occur?

During the proliferation phase, as the gap begins to close.

What is the significance of cross-linking collagen fibers?

Cross-linking increases the strength of scar tissue during the remodeling phase.

How does chronic inflammation affect wound healing?

It can lead to persistent injury and fibrosis, hindering proper healing.

What do we mean by the term 'osteoid tissue' during healing?

A temporary tissue formed during the early stages of bone repair.

Why is temperature regulation important during fever?

To prevent harmful levels that can lead to protein denaturation and organ damage.

What are the main phases of wound healing?

Hemostasis, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase.

Why does the body increase metabolic activity during a fever?

To enhance immune function and speed up the removal of pathogens.

How does body temperature relate to enzyme function?

Increased temperature enhances enzymes' efficiency in chemical reactions.

What can prolonged high fever lead to?

Potentially dangerous conditions such as hyperthermia or organ failure.

What is an important consideration when treating children with fever?

Avoid giving aspirin to reduce the risk of Reyes syndrome.

How do water molecules contribute to cooling during sweating?

They absorb heat from the body upon evaporation, cooling the skin.

What role does the hypothalamus play in fever?

It regulates body temperature and responds by signaling heat conservation and production.