Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 12 regarding intermolecular forces, properties of liquids, and their behavior.

What is the primary characteristic of hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonds are a special case of dipole-dipole forces and are especially strong compared to other dipole-dipole forces.

In which compounds do hydrogen bonds occur?

Hydrogen bonds occur in compounds containing hydrogen covalently bonded to highly electronegative elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

What role does hydrogen bonding play in the boiling points of substances?

Hydrogen bonding contributes to higher boiling points than expected for compounds like HF, H2O, and NH3.

What are the types of intermolecular forces ranked from strongest to weakest?

Ion-Dipole > Hydrogen bonds > Dipole-Dipole > Dispersion forces.

What is surface tension?

Surface tension is a property of liquids resulting from their tendency to minimize surface area due to the attractive forces between molecules.

How does temperature affect surface tension?

Raising the temperature of a liquid reduces its surface tension by increasing the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

What is viscosity?

Viscosity is the measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow, measured in poise (P).

What factors affect viscosity?

Viscosity is affected by intermolecular forces, temperature, and molecular shape.

What is capillary action?

Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow up a thin tube against gravity, influenced by cohesive and adhesive forces.

How do cohesive and adhesive forces determine the shape of a liquid’s meniscus?

Strong adhesion forces and weaker cohesion forces result in a concave meniscus; weak adhesion forces and stronger cohesion forces result in a convex meniscus.