HIST 1020 KickLighter Test 3 + Reading Passages

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

Russia, France, Great Britain

Gavilo Princip

leader of the Bosnian assassins of Franz Ferdinand

Balfour Declaration

promise the Jew's an independent state in Palestine

Sarajevo, Bosnia

the city where terrorists assassinated Franz Ferdinand

Trench Warfare

warfare used extensively in World War I

U-Boats

German submarines

Bolsheviks

pro-Lenin Marxists (Communists)

Mensheviks

anti-Lenin Marxists

The Social Democratic Party

Russian Marxists

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

The Western Front

German drives to take Paris

Nurse Edith Cavell

British nurse executed by Germans for spying, becoming British propaganda symbol

The Mandate System

the "temporary" holding of former imperial areas mostly by Britain and France, supervised by the League of Nations

Three Principles of the People - Sun Yat Se

nationalism, democracy, livelihood

Fascism

ideology of Mussolini and others in the movement

Danzig

now Gdansk, Poland

The Polish Corridor

area cutting between Germany proper and the easternmost part of Prussia

Gustav Stresemann

German leader of the 1920's when Germany was admitted to the League of Nations

The Locarno Agreements

Germany accepted its Western borders promising to accept them

Lateran Treaty

Mussolini recognized Vatican as independent state and agreed to give church financial support in return the Pope urged Italians to support Mussolini

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

illegalized war as a matter of international law

Paul von Hindenburg

famous World War I general and the last Weimar President prior to Hitler's taking over government

Third Reich (Hitler's regime)

the Third Government after the 1. Holy Roman Empire and 2. German Empire

Lebensraum (Living Space)

Hitler's plan for German expansion into the east for additional German population

William II

former German Emperor, exiled to the neutral Netherlands

Czechoslovakia

Bohemia + Slovakia

Yugoslavia

South Slavs

Poland

parts united from German, Russian, Austria

Kristallnacht (Crystal Night)

violent, open attacks on the German Jewish population

The Reichstag Fire

blamed on Communists, allowing Hitler to assume emergency authority

Brown Shirts and Black Shirts

Nazi military security guards

Night of Long Knives

eliminating Hitler's enemies, both Nazi and non-Nazi allies who had helped his rise to power

Enabling Act

German law to allow Hitler's government to do whatever deemed necessary for public security

Bosnian Crisis

Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina to block Serbian expansion

Moroccan Crisis

Germany challenges French control of Morocco, strengthening France and Britain's relationship

Balkan Wars

destroyed Ottoman presence in Europe

German Schliefen Plan

Germany lightning attack France through Belgium to capture Paris. Resulted in Great Britain declaring war on Germany

Sinking of the Lusitania

German sub sank British passenger liner. Lead to U.S. declaring war on Germany

Duma

Russia's lower house of parliament. Declared provisional government in 1917. Established equality

Turks vs Arabs

Arabs revolted against Turks and joined forces with British

Theodor Herzl

lead Zionist movement

Zionism

Jewish nationalism

"To Make the World Safe for Democracy"

Wilson's statement to Congress asking for declaration of war against Germany

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson

dealing with his ideas for a post-war ideal world

The Big Four

Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando

Allies

Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, U.S.

Neutrals

Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden

German-Soviet Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Soviet loss to Germany prior to German loss in the West

Whites vs Reds

Whites hated Red. Whites attacked Reds. Reds won due to control of the center and Whites inability to unite

War Communism

Soviet economic policy until the NEP

Stalin vs Trotsky

Stalin won due to support of the party

Moscow

became Soviet capital after Bolshevik takeover

War Guilt Clause

Germany responsable for paying reparations equal to all civilian damage caused by war

Weimar Republic

young German republic

W. E. B. Dubois and Ho Chi Minh

representing African and Asian interests at Paris Peace Conference

The Zimmerman Telegram

Telegram intercepted by U.S. German promises to Mexican government against the United States

Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk"

founder of modern Turkey

Gandhi

Lead a nonviolent resistance against British rule. Lead a campaign against salt tax. Negotiations with British lead to new constitution, Government of India Act

May 4th Movement

nationalistic movement that opposed foreign domination and warlord government

Mao Zedong

experimented with leading peasant revolts. Advocated equal distribution of land and broke up forces into small groups that built up a self-governing Communist soviet

Long March

Communist army retreated 6,000 miles in 12 months to Yan'am

NEP

new economic policy that re-established limited economic freedom in attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry

Collectivization

forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises

Great Purges

Stalin arrested all people who posed a threat and sent them to labor camps

Mussonlini

leader of the Black Shirts. Demanded government resignation in Italy. Organized band of fascists and demanded to be appointed prime minster

Dawes Plan

German reparations reduced. Germany would receive large loan from U.S.

The Italian Conquest of Ethiopia

Mussolini attacked Ethiopia. Hitler supports aggression and Germany forms Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy with Japan later joining

Fuhrer

leader-dictator

Mein Kampf

my struggle

Treaty of Versailles of 1919

Germany and the Allies which had separate treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, soon Turkey

Constitutional Democrats

liberals

The Social Revolutionaries

peasant supported anarchists

Lawrence of Arabia

Col. T. E. Lawrence

Union of Soviet Socialists Republic

Soviet Union for short

Iraq, Palestine, Syria

the Colonial Mandates for France and Britain through the League of Nations

Franco's revolt

Germany and Italy helped Francisco Franco's fascist movement defeat republican Spain

Vera Brittain, British Nurse (p. 831)

A British nurse during World War I, and her memoir "Testament of Youth" provides a powerful account of her experiences during the war.

Ning Lao, Chinese Peasant (p. 875)

"The Two-Sided Lotus" offers a rare glimpse into the life of a Chinese peasant woman during the Ming dynasty and the challenges she faced in a patriarchal society.

Russian Views of War and Revolution (pp. 836-837)

Explores the social, economic, and political changes that occurred in Russia during and after World War I, including the rise of communism.

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Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus (in connection with pp. 860-861)

A pivotal moment in the Arab Revolt, as it declared the independence of Syria and paved the way for the establishment of the modern state of Syria.

Interpreting the May Fourth Movement (pp. 872-873)

Sheds light on the intellectual and cultural awakening that took place in China in the aftermath of the movement, which had a profound impact on the country's modernization and political development.