Lecture 1/8/2025

Pharm 120

What it the basic organization of the human body?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ, Organ Level, Organ Level System, Organismal Level

Integumentary System

Skin, Nails, Hair - Forms external body covering, provides protection

Skeletal System

Shape for form, protection, calcium, produces red blood cells

Muscular System

protection, generates heat

Nervous System

control system of the body

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes - growth, reproduction

norepinephrine

chemical messenger system

Heart

Blood vessels transport blood, carrying oxygen

Lymphatic System

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

houses white blood cells involved in immunity

Respiratory

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

Urinary System

eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body

reproductive system

production of offspring

Cell Theory

that organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions

Human cells have three basic parts

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

What molecules can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane?

oxygen and CO2 - due to hydrophobic properties

what is the plasma membrane comprised of?

phospholipids (lipid bilayer) - 75%

• Phosphate heads = hydrophilic

• Fatty Acid Tails = Hydrophobic

5% Glycolipids - important for recognition

20% Cholesterol

• Allows for membrane stability

Glycolipids are used for?

specific biological markers for cell to cell recognition

Cell Junctions - Name the 3

Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

Tight Junctions

Nothing can get in between cells

Desmosomes

allows for cells to slide, tension reducing

Gap Junctions

Nutrients are able to move cell to cell

What are the two types of passive transport?

Diffusion - simple diffusion, channel mediated facilitated diffusion

Filtration - for the lungs or kidneys

• usually across capillary walls

Molecule will passively diffuse through membrane if…

is lipid soluble, small enough to pass through membrane channels, assisted by carrier molecules

Leakage Channels are,,

always open

Gated channels are…

controlled by chemical, electrical, or physical signals

Water diffuses through specific water channels called..

aquaporins

Osmosis

diffusion of a solvent through a specific channel protein

What is the importance of osmosis in cells?

can cause shrinkage or swelling, and changes in cell volume disrupts cell function

Isotonic

solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol

Hypertonic

solution with higher non-pentrating solute concentration than cytosol

Hypotonic

solute with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

What are the 2 types of active transport

vesicular transport, active transport

both require ATP

Endocytosis

transport into cell

Exocytosis

Transport out of cell

Transcytosis

transport into, across, and then out of cell

Vesicular trafficking

transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

Cilia

contains microtubules and motor molecules, move substances across cell surfaces

• in throat

Flagella

tail on sperm

Microvilli

increases surface area

Tissues

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

Histology

study of tissues

Haematoxylin

Stains nuclei purple

Eosin

stains cytoplasm, red blood cells, muscle fibers

What are the 4 types of primary tissues?

Epithelial - Covers

Connective - Protects

Muscle - Moves

Nerve - Contols

What are the functions of Epithelial tissues

PSAFE

• Protection

• Absorption

• Filtration

• Excretion

• Secretion

What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

Avascular but Innervated, high regnerative capacity

Simple Epithelia

Single Layer

Stratified Epithelia

two or more layers of cells

Squamous

flattened and scale like

cubodial

cube, boxlike and nucleus round

Columnar

tall; nucleus elongated

simple squamous epithelium

location: air sacs of lungs and lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphmatic vessels

Simple cuboidal epithelium

in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

Simple columnar

ciliated tisses are in bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much fo the upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epithelium

lines the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

stratified cuboidal epithelium

sweat glands, salivary glands, and mamory glands; protective

transitional epithelium

lines the bladder, uretha, and the ureters

simple squamous epithelium

L: Air sacs of linds, kidney glomeruli

F: allows materials to diffuse and filtrate

simple cuboidal epithelium

L': Kidney Tubules

F": Secretion and Absorption

Simple columnar Epithelia

F: Absorption, secretion of mucus

L: GI Tract, small intestine

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

F: Protects underlying tissues subjected to abrasion

L: Non Keratinized = esophagus, vagina, mouth, Keratinized = skin