4/5- epidemiology + etiology/risk factors

definition of epidemiology

study of how disease is distributed in populations + the factors that influence or determine this distribution

definition of prevalence

what fraction of the population is affected

definition of incidence

how fast the disease is occurring in the population:

# of new cases developing in an at-risk population during a time period divided by total # of ppl at-risk of developing the disease that time period

definition of risk

probability that an event will occur within a specific time period

definition of odds

probability that an event will occur to the probability that it will not occur

2 types of experimental studies

1. clinical trials

2. community trials

3 types of observational studies

1. cohort

2. case-control

3. cross-sectional

what’s a cohort study

studying 1 group + looking at the exposed vs. unexposed individuals

what’s a case-control study

1 group of cases + 1 group of controls → + looking at the exposed vs. unexposed individuals in both groups

what are the 4 levels of the gingival index (GI)

• 0: normal

• 1: erythema

• 2: erythema, edema, BOP

• 3: erythema, edema, spontaneous bleeding

what % of the population have gingivitis

93.9%

severe periodontitis is most prevalent in which 2 ethnic groups

Mexican Americans + non-Hispanic blacks

periodontitis is a risk factor for which 4 diseases

1. diabetes mellitus

2. cardiovascular + coronary artery diseases

3. pre-term low birth weight

4. decline in cognitive function

definition of etiology

cause of a disease

definition of risk factor

modifying characteristic that is associated w/ an increased chance of developing a disease

development of deep pockets create a ____ feedback loop

positive

what disrupts the positive feedback loop of perio disease

decreasing bacterial load via plaque + calculus removal

2 major risk factors for periodontitis

1. smoking

2. diabetes

10 minor risk factors for periodontitis

1. genetics

2. gender

3. age

4. race

5. obesity

6. poor nutrition

7. alcohol consumption

8. medication

9. dental restorations

10. occlusal trauma

heavy smokers are __x more at risk of periodontal attachment loss + __x more at risk for severe bone loss

4.75x for attachment loss + 7.28x for severe bone loss

3 mechanisms of smoking that negatively effect the periodontium

1. impaired immune response

2. increased periodontal pathogens

3. impaired healing

3 mechanisms of diabetes that negatively effect the periodontium

1. vascular changes → impaired wound healing

2. altered host immune response

3. alteration in connective tissue metabolism

genetic condition that’s associated w/ severe periodontitis

IL-1 polymorphism: high levels of IL-1 production → greater periodontal tissue destruction

T/F: females have better periodontal status

true, females have better oral hygiene

7 local contributing factors for periodontitis

1. Overhanging / defective restorations

2. Open contacts / food impaction

3. Subgingival calculus deposits

4. Brushing trauma (non-carious cervical lesions, NCCL)

5. Tooth position (gingival recession)

6. Local tooth related anatomy

7. Occlusal trauma