11 - Water & Major Minerals

simple diffusion

a molecular movement from a region of higher to lower concentration

selectively permeable membrane

a barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances

osmosis

a movement of a solvent, usually water, through a selectively permeable membrane

intracellular water

the water that is inside cells

extracellular water

the water that surrounds cells or is in the fluid portion of blood

ion

an element or small molecule that has electrical charges

total water intake

the water ingested by consuming foods and beverages

metabolic water

the water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product

hydration

the water status

dehydration

the body water depletion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a hormone secreted from pituitary glands in response to dehydration; stimulates kidneys to conserve water

aldosterone

a hormone secreted from adrenal glands in response to dehydration; stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and water

renin

an enzyme secreted in response to low blood volume and falling blood pressure

angiotensin II

a protein secreted in response to low blood volume and falling blood pressure

vasoconstrictor

a substance that contributes to the constriction of blood vessels

oral rehydration therapy

a specially prepared solutions of water and electrolytes used to prevent and treat dehydration

diuretic

a substance that increases urine production

water intoxication

a condition that occurs when too much water is consumed in a short time period or kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

hyponatremia

a low blood sodium

major mineral

an essential mineral element required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day

trace mineral

an essential mineral element required in amounts that is less than 100 mg per day

phytic acid

a substance found in grains, seeds, and beans that interferes with mineral absorption

oxalic acid

a substance found in spinach, collard greens, and sweet potatoes that interferes with mineral absorption

osteoclast

a bone cell that breaks down bone tissue

calcitonin

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high

osteoblast

a bone cell that adds bone to where the tissue is needed

hydroxyapatite

a crystalline structure that forms on the collagen protein complex as bone is made

bone mineralization

a process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity

calcium-binding protein

a protein necessary for absorption of calcium in the small intestine

osteoporosis

a chronic disease characterized by bones with low mass and reduced structure

osteopenia

a condition in which a person has weak bones that are susceptible to fracture

peak bone mass

the point at which bones have their maximum strength

hypercalcemia

a high blood calcium

hyperphosphatemia

a high blood phosphorus level

sodium sensitive

describes a person more likely to develop hypertension as a result of consuming a high-sodium diet

systolic pressure

the maximum blood pressure within an artery that occurs when the ventricles contract

diastolic pressure

the pressure in an artery that occurs when the ventricles relax between contractions

resistant hypertension

a blood pressure that remains uncontrolled while taking at least three medications or is controlled only through continued use of four or more medications

hypokalemia

a low blood potassium

hyperkalemia

a high blood potassium

hypermagnesemia

a high blood magnesium

glutathione

a sulfur-containing antioxidant molecule