All Spanish Tenses

How are -AR verbs conjugated in the present tense?

Yo - o

Tú - as

Ella/El - a

Nos - amos

Vos - áis

Ellas/Ellos - an

How are -ER verbs conjugated in the present tense?

Yo - o

Tú - es

Ella/Él - e

Nos - emos

Vos - éis

Ellas/Ellos - en

How are - IR verbs conjugated in the present tense?

Yo - o

Tú - es

Ella/Él - e

Nos - imos

Vos - is

Ellas/Ellos - en

What are stem changes in the present tense and what is impacted by them?

E goes to ie when conjugated

E.g. tener to tiene

O goes to ue when conjugated

E.g. poder to puedo

E goes to i when conjugated (only happens to ir verbs)

E.g. servir to sirvo

Only impacts the yo, tú, él/ella and ellos/ellas form

What other changes happen in the yo form?

A c is replaced with zc in the stem of the word.

E.G. conocer to conozco

(ONLY if the verb ends with “cer” or “cir”)

The g is replaced with a j within the stem of the word.

E.G. proteger to protejo

Some irregular verbs have a g before the o

E.g. hacer to hago

(IF there s a vowel before the stem change it goes to ig before o, e.g. oír to oigo)

What happens in the yo form for verbs ending in -guiar?

For verbs ending in -guiar the u is dropped and the e becomes an i

E.g. conseguir to consigo

How are reflexive verbs identified?

They end in -se

E.g. levantarse

What are the reflexive pronouns?

Yo - me - myself

Tú - te - yourself

Ella/Él - se - himself/herself/itself

Nos - nos -ourselves

Vos - os - yourselves

Ellos/Ellas - se - themselves

How are reflexive verbs conjugated (use levantarse as an example)?

Yo - me levanto

Tú - te levantas

Él/Ella - se levanta

Nos - nos levantamos

Vos - os levantáis

Ellos/Ellas - se levantan

How do you use a reflexive verbs in the infinitive form?

You put the reflexive pronoun at the end or the before the verb.

E.g. Me tengo que bañar (I have to bath)

OR

Tengo que bañarme (I have to bath)

How do you conjugate verbs into the present continuous form (-ING form)?

Estar (in present tense) + gerundio

To formulate the gerundio:

AR = ando e.g. hablando

ER/IR = iendo e.g. comiendo

How do you conjugate reflexive verbs into the present continuous (-ING) form?

1. Put the pronoun at the start of both verbs

   E.g. Se esta vistiendo (shes getting dressed)

2. Attach the pronoun at the end of the second verb

   Está vistiéndose (shes getting dressed)

What are the stem changes with the present continuous form?

1. The last e is replaced with an i

   E.g. decir to diciendo

2. The first o is replaced with a u

   Dormir to durmiendo

3. When another vowel is next to the -iendo the i becomes a y

   E.g. caer to cayendo or oír to oyendo

4. Verbs ending in eír, the whole thing is dropped and iendo is added

   Reír to riendo

How do you conjugate verbs into the near future form (ir)?

Yo - voy a + infinitive

Tú - vas a + infinitive

Ella/Él - va a + infinitive

Nos - vamos a + infinitive

Vos - vais a + infinitive

Ellos/Ellas - van a + infinitive

How do you conjugate reflexive verbs into the near future form (ir)?

1. Put the reflexive pronoun at the start

   Se va a vestir - she’s going to get dressed

2. Put the reflexive pronoun after the verb

   Va a vestirse - shes going to get dressed

How do you conjugate verbs into the present perfect tense (Haber)?

Haber in present + verb in past participle

How is haber conjugated the present and how is the past participle formed?

Yo - he

Tú - has

Ella/Él - ha

Nos - hemos

Vos - habéis

Ellos/Ellas - han

Past participle = keep stem and add ado (AR) or ido (IR/ER)

E.g. hablar = hablado , comer = comido

How do you conjugate reflexive verbs into this form?

Put the pronoun before the conjugated haber.

E.g. nos hemos lavado , se ha lavado , os habéis lavado

What are the stem changes for the present perfect tense?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

What are the 3 completely irregular past participle verbs?

Verb = Past participle

Hacer = Hecho (done)

Romper = Roto (broken)

Pudrir = podrido (rotted)

When is the inidicative pretérito tense used?

For talking about completed actions and when something has started.

For example, Jonny ate rice yesterday (completed) or Fred started to cook two hours ago.

How do you conjugate -AR verbs into the indicative pretérito tense? (Past)

Yo - é

Tú - aste

Ella/Él - ó

Nos - amos

Vos - asteis

Ellas/Ellos - aron

How do you conjugate -ER/IR verbs into the indicative pretérito tense? (Past)

Yo - í

Tú - iste

Ella/Él - ió

Nos - imos

Vos - isteis

Ellos/Ellas - ieron

What are the main stem changes when conjugating into this tense?

1. In the he/she/it and they/them, the o is replaced with a u.

   E.g. dormir to durmió

2. In the he/she/it and they/them, the e becomes an i

   E.g. sentir to sintió

3. In the he/she/it and the they/them, if there is a vowel before the -er/ir/ar the i becomes a y

   E.g. leer to leyó

4. Ver and dar have no accent

5. Venir = all i turns to an i

What are the other stem changes when conjugating into this tense?

1. Verbs than end in -decir, use a j instead of an i for he/she/it and they/them, for the others a j is added

   E.g. conducir to condujeron and condujimos and decir to dije

2. Verbs than end in -decir use an e in the yo form

   E.g. traducir to traduje

3. Caber, haber, poder and saber swap the first vowel to a u

   E.g. haber to hube, poder to pudiste

4. Caber also swaps the b to a p e.g. cupiste

5. Poner swaps the n to an s e.g. pune

6. Saber swaps the b to a p e.g. subieron

How are estar, andar and tener conjugated in this tense? Do any stem changed occur?

Yo - uve

Tú - uviste

Ella/Él - uvo

Nos - uvimos

Vos - uvisteis

Ellas/Ellos - uvieron

When conjugating tener you add a t to the endings.

E.g. I had = tuve

IRREGULARS : How are both ser and ir conjugated in this tense?

Yo - fui

Tú - fuiste

Ella/Él - fue

Nos - fuimos

Vos - fuisteis

Ellas/Ellos - fueron

How is quiero conjugated in this tense?

Yo - quise

Tú - quisiste

Ella/Él - quiso

Nos - quisimos

Vos - quisisteis

Ellos/Ellas - quisieron

When is the indicative imperfect tense used?

1. Actions in the past with no definitive date or time

2. Repeated past actions

3. Descriptions of things you used to do e.g. Fred used to play football

4. Things that were not completed e.g. when i was young I used to like cars (there is not completion)

When do you use the imperfective tense rather than the pretérito tense?

The pretérito specifies specifically when an action took place.

The imperfect is used when this description is more generic and an action didn’t have a definitive start nor end.

E.G.

Pretérito = Brain habló con Jane anoche a las 10h. (Brain spoke to Jane last night at 10pm).

Imperfect = Las chicas hablaban en español. (The girls used to speak in Spanish).

How do you conjugate -AR verbs in the indicative tense?

Yo - aba

Tú - abas

Ella/Él - aba

Nos - ábamos

Vos - abais

Ellos/Ellas - aban

How do you conjugate -ER/IR verbs in the indicative tense?

Yo - ía

Tú - ías

Ella/Él - ía

Nos - íamos

Vos - íais

Ellos/Ellas - ían

How is ser conjugated in this tense?

Yo - era

Tù - eras

Ella/Èl - era

Nos - éramos

Vos - erais

Ellas/Ellos - eran

How is ir conjugated in this tense?

Yo - iba

Tù - ibas

Ella/Èl - iba

Nos - íbamos

Vos - ibais

Ellas/Ellos - iban

How is ver conjugated in this tense?

Yo - veía

Tú - veías

Ella/Èl - veía

Nos - veíamos

Vos - veíais

Ellas/Ellos - veían

What is the indicative past perfect used for?

It is used for talking about actions that happened before another action in the past e.g. Cody had eaten tacos before he went to the club.

How do you conjugate verbs into this tense?

Yo - había + past participle

Tú - habías + past participle

Ella/Él - había + past participle

Nos - habíamos + past participle

Vos - habíais + past participle

Ellos/Ellas - habían + past participle

What are the stem changes to the past participle?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

What are the 3 completely irregular past participles?

Verb = Past participle

Hacer = Hecho (done)

Romper = Roto (broken)

Pudrir = podrido (rotted)

When is the indicative future tense used?

To talk about something that will happen in the future e.g. Jane will go shopping tomorrow

How is the indicative future tense formed?

Verb infinitive + the following endings:

Yo - +é

Tú - + ás

Ella/Él - + á

Nos - + emos

Vos - + éis

Ellas/Ellos - + án

What are the stem changes in this tense?

1. Tener, valer, poner, salir and venir (and other verbs containing these links contener) replace the last vowel with a e.g. tendré from tener

2. The verbs poder, caber, querer, saber and haber remove the last vowel e.g. poder becomes podremos

3. IRREGULAR : hacer becomes har- e.g. haré , decir becomes dir - e.g. diremos

When is the future perfect tense used?

To take about things that will have happened in the future before something else e.g. Caroline will have visited America by the start of next year.

It can also express probability and opinions e.g. I wonder what the kids will have eaten.

How do you conjugate into the perfect future tense?

Yo - habré + past participle

Tú - habrás + past participle

Él/Ella - habrá + past participle

Nos - habremos + past participle

Vos - habréis + past participle

Ellas/Ellos - habrán + past participle

What changes occur to the past participes in this tense (same as previous 2)?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

What are the 3 completely irregular past participles?

Verb = Past participle

Hacer = Hecho (done)

Romper = Roto (broken)

Pudrir = podrido (rotted)

When is the indicative conditional tense used?

For talking of things that may happen in the future, for example, Alejandra would like to own a house.

How do you conjugate verbs in this tense?

Infinite verb + conditional endings

Yo - ía

Tú - ías

Ella/Él - ía

Nos - íamos

Vos - íais

Ellas/Ellos - ían

What stem changes occur in this tense?

1. The verbs tener, valer, poner, salir and venir replace their last vowel with a d e.g. salir becomes saldría

2. The verbs poder, caber, querer, saber, haber all remove the last vowel e.g. poder becomes podrían

What are the 2 completely irregular verbs in this tense?

Decir becomes dir e.g. diríamos

Hacer becomes har e.g. haríais

When is the indicative conditional perfect tense used?

It is used for talking about things that would have happened in the past but didnt due to another action. For example, Pablo would have visited Mexico at Christmas but he had no holidays left.

How do you conjugate into this tense?

Haber in conditional indicative + past participle

Yo - habría + past participle

Tú - habrías + past participle

Ella/Él - habría + past participle

Nos - habríamos + past participle

Vos - habríais + past participle

Ellas/Ellos - habrían + past participle

What changes occur to the past participle in this tense (same as other 2)?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

What are the 3 completely irregular past particples?

Verb = Past participle

Hacer = Hecho (done)

Romper = Roto (broken)

Pudrir = podrido (rotted)

When is the subjunctive present tense used?

It is used to talk about situations of uncertainty or emotions such as wishes, desires and hopes.

E.g. Brain hopes that Jane will accept this proposal.

Tate doubts they will come to the concert.

How do you conjugate into the present subjunctive tense for -ER/IR verbs?

Take the yo form a verb e.g. tengo

Remove the o: teng

And add the following endings:

Yo - a

Tú - as

Ella/Él - a

Nos - amos

Vos - áis

Ellas/Ellos - an

How do you conjugate into the present subjunctive tense for -AR verbs?

Take the yo form a verb e.g. hablo

Remove the o : habl

And add the following endings:

Yo - e

Tú - es

Ella/Él - e

Nos - emos

Vos - éis

Ellas/Ellos - en

What are the stem changes when conjugating in this tense?

Stem changes from the indicative yo form are carried over e.g. salir to salgo to salga.

Other changes such as o to ue are used here.

Verbs ending in -CAR, the c becomes qu e.g. buscar to busque

Verbs ending in ZAR, the z becomes c e.g. organizar to organice

Verbs ending in -GAR, the g becomes gu e.g. cargar to cargue

Verbs ending in-GER/GIR, the g becomes j e.g. coger to coja

What are the completely irregular verbs in this tense?

Hablar, the l becomes y e.g. hayas

Ir becomes vay e.g. vayamos

Saber, becomes sep e.g. sepáis

Ser keeps the e e.g. sean

When is the subjunctive imperfect tense used?

Used to speak about unlikely or uncertain events in the past or to cast a point of view or emotional opinion about something that’s happened in the past e.g. if i were him, i wouldnt go to the concert

How are verbs conjugated in this tense?

Take the verb from the ellos in the pretérito indicative, remove the ron and add the following endings:

Yo = ra

Tu = ras

Ella/E1l = ra

Nos = ramos

Vos = rais

Ellos = ran

What are the stem changes in this tense?

Dar = goes to die + ending e.g. dieran

Decir goes to dij + ending e.g. dijera

Estar keeps the uvie e.g. estuviera

Haber the a goes to a u e.g. hubieran

Hacer the a goes to an i e.g. hicieran

Ir goes to fue e.g. fuera

Querer goes to quis e.g. quisiera

Traer goes to traj + ending e.g. trajera

When is the subjunctive present perfect tense used?

To describe past actions or events that are still connected to the present day. Or speak about an action that will happen at a certain time in the future e.g. it’s good that he studied for the exam

How do you conjugate in this tense?

Haber in the present subjunctive + past participle

Yo = haya + past participle

Tu = hayas + past participle

Ella/Èl = haya + past participle

Nos = hayamos + past participle

Vos = hayáis + past participle

Ellas/Ellos = hayan + past participle

What are the stem changes in this tense (same as previous perfect tenses)?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

When is the subjunctive past perfect tense used?

Used to speak about hypothetical events or situations and actions/events that occurred before other actions in the past e.g. I would have played volleyball if I hadn’t hurt my wrist

How do you conjugate in this tense?

Haber in the past subjunctive + past participle

Yo = hubiera + past participle

Tu = hubieras + past participle

Ella/Èl = hubiera + past participle

Nos = hubiéramos + past participle

Vos = hubierais + past participle

Ellos = hubieran + past participle

Yo

What are the changes to the past participle in this tense?

1. Verbs ending in brir go to ierto

   E.g. abrir goes to abierto not abrido

2. Verbs with a vowel before the er/ir/ar ending use ído instead of ido

   E.g. creer goes to creído not creido

3. Verbs ending in vler go to uelto

   E.g. volver to vuelto, absolver to absuelto

4. Verbs ending in scribir end in Ito

   E.g. transcribir goes to transcrito

5. Verbs ending in poner go to uesto

   E.g. exponer to expuesto

6. Verbs ending in decir go to dicho

   E.g. contradecir to contradicho

7. Verbs ending in morir go to yerto

   E.g. morir to muerto

8. Verbs ending in ver go to is to

   E.g. prever to previsto

When is the imperative mood used?

For commands and orders e.g. Clare, look at this

How are positive commands formed?

Tu = stem + a (AR) or e (ER/IR)

Nos = vamos a + infinitive or present subjective of nos

Vos = infinitive , remove the r and add d

How are negative commands formed?

Tu = no + present subjunctive of ella/el + s

Nos = no vamos a + infinitive or no + present subjunctive of nos

Vos = no + present subjunctive of vos

How do you conjugate reflexive verbs in this tense?

Positive = verb + ending e.g. probarse to pruébate (you try on)

Negative = no (reflex) verb e.g. no te pruebes

What are the irregulars in this tense?

Decir goes to di e.g. di, diga, digamos

Hacer uses a z in tu form and a g in other e.g. haz and hagamos

Ir goes to v e.g. ve, vaya, vamos, id, vayan

Poner and salir uses a g e.g. ponga , salga

Ser uses the e e.g. sèa

Tener and venir uses a g e.g. tenga and venga