NCE Chapter 7

Career Development

E. G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.

Trait-and-factor-matching theory

Whose theory suggests one is responsible for one's own behavior because one has the capacity for choice and lives in a world which is not deterministic?

Tiedeman

Visually depicted with a hexagon that includes six personality types/work environments: realistic (machine shop worker or dog walker), investigative (researcher or chemist), artistic (singer or book author), social (teacher or counselor!), enterprising (sales personnel or business owner), and conventional (secretary or file clerk). RIASEC, if you will. Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC.

John Holland’s six personality and six work environments career typology

Also referred to as a life span, life-space model. Self-concept, as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one’s career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. Super initially didn’t believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories. He felt mislabeled.

Donald Super’s self-concept and developmental stage theory

Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (the importance of the parent–child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe’s work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe’s fields and levels taxonomy.

Anne Roe’s early childhood needs-theory approach

Initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: (1) genetic endowment and unique abilities; (2) environmental conditions and life events; (3) learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian); and (4) task approach skills (problem solving, cognitive responses, and emotional patterns). Research validates the original social learning theory, but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling.

John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling (LTCC)

Created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist, and a psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are: ages 11 and under—fantasy; early adolescence, ages 11 to 17—tentative; and age 17 into early adulthood—realistic. Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma’s developmental approach … aka the Ginzberg Group … or Ginzberg and Associates

worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client’s life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story.

Mark Savickas’ career construction postmodern theory

Focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice

Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT).

(phase one: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class) and compromise (phase two: change mind, major etc. if career path is not truly realistic). This is a developmental approach taking one’s childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where he or she fits into society

Linda Gottfredson’s theory of cicumscription

Career anchors manifest approximately 5 or 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein identified five anchors, but now eight are used: (1) autonomy/independence; (2) security/stability; (3) technical/ functional competence; (4) general managerial competence; (5) entrepreneurial creativity; (6) service/dedication to a cause; (7) pure challenge; (8) lifestyle.

Edgar H. Schein’s eight career anchors theory.

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.” Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so- called traditional family in which only one partner is working

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman

is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Studies indicate that

students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Statistics reveal that

on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman” is showing an example of

gender bias.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

Parsons and Williamson

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

testing is an important part of the counseling process and a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

the father of vocational guidance.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take ________ into account.

individual change throughout the life span

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

fields and levels.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except:

unskilled

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except:

Outdoor

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant (rejecting), or acceptant (democratic). The result is that the child

will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs

Some support for Roe’s theory comes from

the Rorschach and the TAT.

In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client’s

job or position.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

Bordin

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ________ as an ego defense mechanism.

sublimation

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ________ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.

sublimation

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of

John Holland.

Holland categorized ________ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments

six

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ________ theorists.

personality (or structural)

Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that

an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

social

Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be

enterprising

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit intoHolland’s ________ typology.

realistic

Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the ________ type.

investigative

Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

A 33-year-old female drill press operator.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the ________ category.

conventional

In regard to an individual’s behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

Holland believed that

a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock’s theory, based on the work of ________ is also considered a personality approach

Henry Murray

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models—were

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

all of the above.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development:

fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11–17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties).

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

the self-concept.

Super’s life-span theory emphasizes ________ life stages.

five

Super’s life-span theory includes

the life-career rainbow.

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

John Crites

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara.

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

Albert Bandura.

The model Krumboltz suggested is

a behavioristic model of career development.

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

suggest a site visit to a work setting.

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision.” The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems:

predictive, value, and decision.

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with

alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focuses on

circumscription and compromise theory.

The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is

securing information via ads in the newspaper.

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the

Occupational Outlook Handbook

At its zenith the DOT listed

approximately 20,000 job titles.

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a ________ digit code.

nine

The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

an occupational group.

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

the Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

OOH

Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are overrepresented in ________ positions while women often have ________ .

labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs

A counselor with a master’s degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

underemployment

According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be

a psychiatrist

In a lifetime the average person has

10 to 15 jobs

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

Albert Bandura.

The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are

computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) or CBCISs

A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

spillover

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as

the compensatory effect.

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the

APGA

Lifestyle includes

all of the above

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland’s theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.

he Self-Directed Search (SDS) is

all of the above

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, “The client’s disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work.” This technically implies

the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

most jobs are not advertised.

The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal

the individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing

John Holland.

The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for

K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.

Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except:

Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described

as a displaced homemaker.

According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination

women make less than men for doing the same job.

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.

 A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests

counselor bias based on gender bias.

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

have lower career aspirations than a man.

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or

be widowed and seeking employment and be divorced and seeking employment.