Bio Honors - Anatomy and Physiology (copy)

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Dorsal

Dorsal

Referring to the back or upper side of an organism or structure.

Ventral

Referring to the underside or belly of an organism or structure.(chest for humans)

Anterior

Referring to the front or head end of an organism or structure.

Posterior

Referring to the rear or tail end of an organism or structure. (res

Lateral

Referring to the side of an organism or structure.

Median

Referring to the middle or central part of an organism or structure.

Mouth

Where food enters body-start of digestion system

Urogenital opening

Single opening used for reproductive and urinary purposes (Humans do NOT have this)

Anus

Opening where fecal matter is extracted from body

Cloaca

Exit for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems in some animals (not in pig or human and others)

Digestive System

Group of organs that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste - It is both chemical and mechanical

Teeth, Tounge, Saliva/Glands, Soft and Hard Palettes

Things used in the mouth to help break down food at start of digestive track

Pharynx

Connection between mouth and nose

Crop

Storage organ for broken up food before it goes to stomach (not in humans or pigs)

Gizzard

Between crop and small intestine where food goes to get more broken down and crushed (not in humans or pigs)

Esophagus

Muscular tube that connects the stomach to the mouth brings food down

Peristalsis

Wave-like muscular contractions that propel food and fluids through the digestive tract, facilitating digestion and absorption.

Liver

Helps with breakdown of fats, alcohol, and fructose, detoxifys blood - can regenerate

Bile

Digestive juice to break down fats in liver

Gall Bladder

Pouch that holds bile for liver - can live without it = food restrictions

Stomach

Muscular organ that breaks down food with chemical and mechanical processes, where drugs and alc are absorbed into blood stream

Gastric Acids/Jucies

ph=2 low ph to break down nearly everything digested

Pepsin

protein digestion in stomach to break everything down

Mucus lining

Protects stomach from destroying itself

Cardiac Sphincter

Entrance between stomach and espophogus prevents backflow from stomach (nothing goes back up)

Pyloric Sphincter

Connects stomach to small intestine - makes sure everything flows well

Pancreas

Releases the horomones glucagon and insulin into the blood

Amylase

Enzyme produced in the pancreas and salivary glands breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose

Digestive Enzymes

in pancreas to help break down proteins, carbs, and fats into smaller molecules

Exocrine

Duct that produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to help break down everything in the small intestine

Endocrine

release insulin and glucagon into the blood when needed

Small intestine

Long coiled tube where food is broken down into monosaccrhides (lipids, protiens, and carbs), very basic (11-12 ph),

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine, where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs

Chyme

Broken down food entering small intestine

Microvilli

Microvilli- peaks and valleys for more surface area

Capillaries (small intestine)

absorb nutrients from food

Large Intestine/Colon

Absorbs water and bile and produces vitamin k, finishes off all of the “leftovers” and starts to form fecal matter

Rectum

Storage for fecies

Anus

Where fecal matter is released

Bladder

Where urine is held before it is released

Urethra

Where urine exits the body (different depending on sex)

Kidneys

Filters blood and urea (nitrogenous waste), where urine is formed

Urine

water, salt, urea, glucose - color based on hydration

Tranchea

Windpipe/airway made of cartilage

Larynx

Voice box/ adam’s apple

Epiglottis

Blocks windpipe when swallowing to prevent choking

Lungs

Organs responsible for the trade off of O2 and CO2 between air and blood

Bronchi

2 main airways that branch from tranchea to lead to more exchange of O2 and CO2 (Bronchus=indiviual)

Bronchioles

Smaller branches off of the Bronchus/Bronchi to continue exchange

Alveoli

Attached to Bronchioles little sacs of air

Capillaries (respiratory)

Small blood vessels that help with exchange to get oxygen in the blood and for CO2 to go back into the ait thru diffusion

Diaphragm

Contracts and relaxes to help breathing by expanding and compressing chest

Respiratory System

Nose/Mouth→ Pharynx→ Larynx→ Tranchea→ Bronchi→ Bronchioles→ Alveoli→ Capillaries

Lungs vs Gills

Lungs for on land Gills for in water

Heart

Muscular pump that moves blood throughout the body

Atria

Two upper chambers of the heart (singular=atrium)

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from Vena Cava

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs by the pulmonary veins

Ventricles

Two lower chambers of the heart

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body thru the aorta

Septum

Wall of tissue separating left and right side of heart

Valves

Tissue between aorta and ventricles to ensure one way blood flow and no back flow

SA Node

Pacemaker - keeps regular heartbeats

Aorta

Largest artery in the body- carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the rest of the body

Vena Cava

Two largest veins in the body (Posterior/Inferior, Anterior/Superior)

Posterior/Inferior vena cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from feet to right atrium

Anterior/Superior vena cava

Returns deoxygenated blood from head to right atrium

Pulmonary Arteries and Veins

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs for oxygenation and veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from heart (usually oxygenated unless it is pulomonary)

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart usually deoxygenated unless it pulomonary

Capillaries (cardiovascular system)

Smallest blood vessel- connects arterioles to the venules (small arteries and veins) and help with exhcange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste production between blood and body tissue

Arterioles

Small arteries

Venules

Small veins

Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated Blood→Vena Cava→ Right Atrium→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary Arteries→ Lungs→ Pulmonary Veins→ Left Atrium→ Left Ventricle

Systemic Circulation

Lungs→ Pulmonary Veins→ Heart→ Left Atrium→ Left Ventricle→ Aorta→ Arteries→ Arterioles→ Capillaries→ Venules

Systolic

When heart is beating

Diastolic

When heart is relaxed

Blood make up

Plasma, red and white blood cells, and Platelets

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen

White Blood Cells

Help immune system

Platelets

Help blood to clot

Inhale

Bring in oxygen/air - chest and rib cage expands

Exhale

Release CO2 - chest and rib cage collapses

Surface Area

Large SA and small volume for faster exchange in digestive and respiratory systems

Skin

Helps get rid of sweat and oils - which helps you also get rid of toxins and bacteria and cool down

Open Circulation

Blood flows freely in the body cavity before returning to the heart, common in invertebrates like insects.

Closed circulation

Blood remains within vessels and is circulated throughout the body by the heart, typical of vertebrates like humans.

Single Loop Circulation

Blood passes through the heart and body in one circuit, found in fish and others.

Double Loop Circulatiom

Blood travels through the heart twice, with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, typical of mammals.

Axal Skeleton

Head to tailbone

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs

Skeletal Muscles

Movement muscles, voluntary control, attached to skeleton

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary control, covers organ walls, ex: diaphragm

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary control, cover heart walls, controls the heart

Joints

Allows for movement and connection between bones, made of cartilage - weakened by age

Pivot Joint

Moving head back and fourth

Hinge Joints

Elbows and knees

Saddle Joints

Hand/finger movements

Ball/Socket Joints

Shoulders