FNR 24150 Herps Exam I

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Reptile Characteristics

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Reptile Characteristics

Increased brain size
Skeletal structure improved
More effective jaw
Amniotic eggs
Scales

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Order Testudines

Turtles

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Family Cheloniidae

hard-shelled Sea Turtles

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Family Dermochelyidae

Leatherback
endotherm

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Family Chelydridae

Snapping Turtles
long tails
sit and wait predation strategy
alligator + common (found in indiana)
Ability to respire through throat (Pharyngeal respiration)

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Family Kinosternidae

Mud & Musk Turtles
eat aquatic invertebrates
large jaws
forage/mate on water
hibernate on land

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Family Emydidae

Basking, Marsh & Box Turtles

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Emydidae (Basking, Marsh & Box Turtles)

Sexual Maturity at 20 years
Sex determined by temperature
basking on logs/rocks
males smaller than females (sexual dimorphism)

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Family Testudinidae

Tortoises

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Testudinidae (Tortoises)

50 species
Terrestrial
Maturity at 20 years

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Family Trionychidae

Soft-shelled Turtles

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Trionychidae (Soft-shelled Turtles)

26 species
Genetic sex determination (only turtle)
Fully aquatic
Ability to respire through throat (Pharyngeal respiration)

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Squamata

1900 species
Diversity of reptiles lays in squamata
Lizards can blink & geckos cannot
Lizards have ears
Internal fertilization

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Family Gekkonidae

Geckos

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Gekkonidae (Geckos)

970 species
Vili on feet

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Vili

Suction cups on feet

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Family Iguanidae

Iguanas & anoles

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Iguanidae (Iguanas & anoles)

Used to be huge family now only 34 species
"New World" Iguanas
Oviparous

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Family Phrynosomatidae

Spiny Lizards

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Phrynosomatidae (Spiny Lizards)

125 species
Broad diversity
Oviparous
"New World" Family
Interesting defense behaviors

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Agamidae

400 species
"Old World" Iguanas
Prominent spines
All but one species is Oviparous

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Polychrotidae (anoles & friends)

650 species
Arboreal lifestyle
Oviparous
Nicely colored dewlap
Mating is color specific between species & push up based

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Family Anguidae

Glass or Alligator Lizards (Legless Lizards)

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Anguidae (Legless Lizards)

120 species
Snake-like
Osteoderms
2/3 of body is tail
Fossorial
Can drop tail

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Family Helodermatidae

Beaded Lizards

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Helodermatidae (Beaded Lizards)

2 species
Bead-like scales
Osteoderms
Aposematic Coloration
Only two venomous lizards
Have to chew for venom to get in wound
Semi-arboreal
Oviparous
10 months for eggs to catch

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Family Teiidae

Whiptails & Racerunners

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Teiidae (Whiptails & Racerunners)

110 species
"New World"
Very small dorsal scales & large ventral scales
Diurnal
Most are oviparous
Some are parthenogenic

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Family Scincidae

Skinks

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Scincidae (Skinks)

1200 species
Osteoderms
Can drop tail
All reproductive strategies

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Serpents (Snakes)

Bifurcated tongue
Jacobson organ
Most species only have 1 lung
All reproductive strategies
4 venomous snakes in IN

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Family Boidae

Boas

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Boidae (Boas)

63 species
Primitive species
Vestigial pelvic girdle
Legs than no legs
Heat seeking pits on sides of mouth
Most are Ovoviparous

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Family Viperidae

Vipers

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Viperidae (Vipers)

Venomous
Hinged fangs that are hypodermic (Hallow)
Loreal pit (Heat seeking organ) One on each side of face
Hemotoxican (Digest tissue)
Mostly Viviparous
Bite and Follow

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Family Elapidae

Cobras & Corals

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Elapiade (Cobras & Corals)

280 species
Neurotoxic venom
Oviparous
Bite and hold a little longer than Vipers

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Family Colubridae

Snakes

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Colubridae (Snakes)

Used to be 2,000 species, now just 650 species
Ovoviparous & Viviparous

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Family Natricidae

Water Snakes

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Natricidae (Water Snakes)

200 species
All aquatic or have aquatic life stage

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Family Dipsadidae

Snakes

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Dipsadidae (Snakes)

700 species
Hide
Oviparous

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Reptile Taxonomy

Increased brain size
More effective jaw
Scales
Amniotic eggs
Well developed lungs
Skeletal structure improved

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Amniota

Permian

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Synapsids, Diapsids & Anapsids

Permian

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Anapsids

1st reptiles
No temporal fenestrae (No holes..tehe "holes")

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Synapsids

Single hole (mammals & mammal-like reptiles)

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Diapsids

Two holes (Crocs, snakes, lizards & maybe turtles)

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Mesozoic (Reptiles)

Dominated by reptiles
(Dinosaurs)
Radiation of Reptiles
250 mya

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Archosauromorphs

"Ruling reptiles" of Mesozoic
1st major diapsid lineage
ancestral to crocodilians, birds, turtles

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Casineria

Early Carboniferous
340 mya
Salamander-like
1st amniote
Transitional form from amphibians to reptiles

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Hylanomus

1st Lizards
Carboniferous
315 mya
Anaspid
sharp teeth
Perhaps earliest known reptile

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Crocodylians

Surviving archosuars
temperature dependent sex determination (cooler temps is female)

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Sarcosuchus

Super croc
"Flesh crocodyle"

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Lepidosauromorphs

Appeared late Permian
2nd Major Diapsid lineage
Ancestral to squamates (Snakes, Lizards & Tuatuara)

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Tuatuara, Sphenodontia

Living Fossils from Triassic
Endemic to New Zealand
200 myo

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Odontoochelys

Late Triassic
220 mya
"toothed shell"
Turtle

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Proganochelys

Late Triassic
210 mya
"early turtle"
Has few teeth

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Eileanchelys

Late Jurrasic
165-160 mya
Earliest pond turtle

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Archelon

Late Cretaceous
75-65 mya
"Ruling turtle"
12 ft. ~2 tons
Leathery Shell
largest ever turtle

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Archosaurians

Mammals, Birds & Crocs

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What is the limiting factor of Reptiles & Amphibians?

Temperature

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Heat Exchange in Ectotherms

Radiation
Convection
Conduction

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Ectotherms produce low metabolic heat?

Yes

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Major drivers in Ectothermy

Rate of water loss
Heat Exchange
Surface:Volume Ratio (smaller animals gain/lose heat or lose water faster)

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Amphibians have a lower metabolic rate than reptiles?

True

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Conduction

Heat exchange with a surface

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Reptiles tend to have higher body temps than anything else?

True

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Salamanders have lowest body temperature and lizards have highest?

True

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ATR (Activity Temperature Range)

27-35 degrees C
optimal temperature range

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How many chambers do amphibians have?

Two atria
One ventricle

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How efficient is the amphibian circulatory system?

Not highly efficient

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Amphibian lymphatic system open system or both?

Open System

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Who has lymph hearts?

Amphibians

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Amphibian blood

Nucleated

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Reptile Heart

No single "model"
Typically three chambers

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Amphibian Respiratory System

Air moves in and out by a buccopharyngeal force pump mechanism

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Are amphibian positive or negative pressure breathers?

Positive Pressure Breathers

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Reptilian Lungs

Simple sac-like lungs
Sacs called faveoli
Snakes have single lung

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Vitellogensis

Accumulation of nutrients in the cytoplasm of the developing egg

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Salamanders have what kind of fertilization?

Polyspermic

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Sperm storage organ in Salamanders?

Spermatheca

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Gynogenesis

Male is only needed to activate the zygote

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Two growth Pulses

Embryonic
Juvenile

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All Reptiles have what three Reproductive things in common?

Internal Fertilization
Direct Development
Amniotic Eggs

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In reptiles, vitellogenin is selectively absorbed by oocytes and enzymatically converted to yolk proteins, what is this process called?

Pintocytosis

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Cleidoic Egg

Shelled

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Membranes in Cleidoic egg

Allantois
Chorions
Amnions

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Turtles and Crocs Penises

Spongy connective tissue erects via vascular pressure

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Parthenogenesis

Females reproduce without the involvement of males or sperm
(Clonal)

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Teiidae have what reproductive strategy?

Parthenogenesis

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Parental Care Types

Pre-depositional: Egg size and quality
Post-depositional: Nest location
Live-bearing: Complete control over everything

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megachirella

oldest lepidosaur fossil
lived during triassic 240 mya

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plasteron

on belly of turtles, defends against predators

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dormancy types

hibernation
freeze tolerance
aestivation

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hibernation

body temp allowed to track operative temp
metabolic activities slowed

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freeze tolerance

cryoprotectants prevent cells freezing
found in early spring breeders

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aestivation

in dry desert environments
animals retreat to burrows with high humidity into dormancy

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