criminal research method notes

Experiential reality

Knowledge gained through personal experience, such as observing that the sky is blue.

Agreement reality

Beliefs accepted as true because others agree, regardless of their accuracy, e.g., the Earth is round.

Empirical research

The process of gathering information through observation and data collection to support logical assertions.

Social science

Discovering what is (Did it work?), not what should be Cannot settle debates on value -(Which is better?)

Aggregates

Groups of units, such as people or occurrences, studied in social science to find common patterns.

Dependent variable (DV)

The outcome variable that is influenced or affected by the independent variable.

Independent variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Applied research

Research that evaluates the effects of specific programs or policies.

Evaluation research

A type of applied research that compares program goals to actual results.

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning that begins with specific observations to form general conclusions.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that starts with a general principle to draw specific conclusions.

Concepts

Abstract ideas or mental representations of phenomena, such as crime.

Hypothesis

An educated guess regarding the relationship between variables, stemming from a theoretical background.

Paradigms

Frameworks or perspectives that shape how researchers ask questions and interpret findings.

Subjectivity

The influence of personal feelings, opinions, or biases on research outcomes.

Objectivity

The practice of minimizing personal biases and values in the study of crime.

Anonymity

A condition where an individual's identity in research remains unknown to protect privacy.

Confidentiality

A promise by researchers to keep identifiable information about research subjects private.

Internal validity

The degree to which an observed relationship between two variables is causal and not due to other factors.

External validity

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings or populations.

Construct validity

The degree to which a test measures the concept it is intended to measure.

Units of analysis

The entities being studied, which can be individuals, groups, organizations, or social artifacts.

Cross-sectional studies

Research conducted at a single point in time, often descriptive or exploratory.

Longitudinal studies

Research that follows the same subjects over time to observe developments in a given condition.

Ecological fallacy

Drawing conclusions about individuals based on aggregate data.

Individual fallacy

Basing conclusions on extreme or isolated events, which may not accurately represent a broader situation.

Reductionism

An approach that seeks to simplify complex issues, such as reducing the reliance on prisons.

Policy analysis

Prospective - Anticipate future consequences of alternative actions

Major types of applied research

Evaluation research, Policy analysis

Little Albert(John Watson)

study children hear loud Nosie background of animal, reaction

The Milgram experiment (Stanley)

experiment, teacher, learned, the teacher shoot learned every time get wrong and experiment tell the teacher keep do it and learned in the experiment

Can we harm subjects?

Yes if out way the harm

IRBs(Institutional Review Boards)

Group of people who review research studies that involve human subjects -submitted IRBS make we okay need consent form

Two model of explanation

Ideographic ,nomothetic

The 4 different types of validity

STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY,INTERNAL VALIDITY,EXTERNAL VALIDITY,CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

Individuals

only specific to topic

Trend studies

same population, different people
Ex: Temple University survey

Cohort studies

a research study that follows a group of people over time to see if they develop a certain health condition.
Ex: children study -follow children to adult develop

The monster study(Wendell Johnson)

22 orphan tell half group good feedback as speak good and other half bad feedback as show one group frustrated and other give confidence

The bystander effects (John Fard)

see people actions when person troubled as people more like act self than with other people as believe other people will help

The Stanford prison experiment

24 people half prison (give number) and other half get be guard and only last 6 days purpose be 2 weeks.

organizational culture

affect big of it

Group

group place ex: neighbor

Social Artifacts

use songs, movie, videogames, social media, tv show

Social Artifacts

use songs, movie, videogames, social media, tv show