Lab 10/11

The body uses two types of sensory systems to detect stimuli

the somatic sensory system and the special sensory system

The somatic sensory system is found throughout the body and detects

touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position known as proprioception

The special sensory system includes senses that come from specialized organs and detect

vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell

Central Nervous System (CNS).

All senses use receptors that detect stimuli and send signals to the brain and spinal cord,

Neuron

is a type of cell found in the nervous system that sends and receives electrical signals throughout the body.

Neuron 3 primary components

• Cell Body or Soma

• Dendrites

• Axons

Cell Body or Soma

Contains the nucleus and other organelles

Dendrites

Receive signals from other neurons

Axons

Transmit signals to another neuron or cell type

Signals travel as ___, caused by ion movement

action potentials

Action Potentia

a traveling electrical signal

Synapse

the space between two neurons

Neurotransmitters

chemicals that carry the signal across the synapse

Sensory neurons

detect information from the outside world and send it to the brain.

Interneurons

process that information inside the brain and spinal cord.

Motor neurons

carry signals back out to the muscles so you can react.

Photoreceptors

detect light and are found in the retina of the eye

Mechanoreceptors

detect pressure, vibration, and sound, and are found in the skin and inner ear.

Chemoreceptors

detect chemicals in the air or food and are used for smell and taste.

Thermoreceptors

detect changes in temperature.

Nociceptors

detect pain and alert the body to possible damage.

Sensory receptors

• Photoreceptors

• Mechanoreceptors

• Chemoreceptors

• Thermoreceptors

• Nociceptors

The sense of sight is controlled by photoreceptors

located in the retina at the back of the eye

Rods

are sensitive to light and allow you to see in low light condition

cones

allow you to see color

optic nerve

Light information is turned into signals and sent to the brain

through the ___

Vision loss and mutations

• Color blindness

• Nearsightedness (Myopia)

• Farsightedness (hyperopia)

eardrum

Sound waves enter the ear canal and cause the

___ to vibrate

ossicles

These vibrations pass through three tiny bones called

the ___, which amplify the sound.

The vibrations reach the ___, where tiny hair cells

detect them and convert them into electrical signals

cochlea

auditory nerve

to the brain, which interprets them as sound

olfactory neurons

located high inside your nasal cavity

olfactory bulb

The information is processed and linked to memories and emotion

olfactory fatigue.

Smell adapts quickly, which is why strong odors seem to fade after a short

time.

The main tastes your tongue can detect are

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory).

Ecology

Study of interactions between organisms and their physical environment

Biotic factors

All living things within an ecosystem.

Ex., Bacteria, Plants, fungi, and animals

Abiotic factors

Non-living things within an ecosystem.

Ex., Rocks/Soil, Water, Air, Light, Temperature

Producers

organisms that convert sunlight into glucose through photosynthesis

Consumers

organisms that obtain energy from consuming other organisms

- Primary: herbivores

- Secondary: omnivores

- Tertiary: Carnivores, some omnivores

- Quaternary: Top Predators

Decomposers

organisms that break down organic material, which cycles energy back to producers

Plants are sessile: This means they are permanently

attached to a substrate (ground, rock, etc.) and are unable to freely move around to evade predator

Physical defenses are physical characteristics that

hurt herbivores or primary consumers

Evolution

The theory or process by which different kinds of organisms have developed from their earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Coevolution

The evolutionary change in two or more species, where each species' evolutionary trajectory is influenced by its interactions with the other

Bioactive compound

Any compound that will affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of another living organism

Bioassay

an experimental screening for potential bioactive substances in a test population of living organisms with a controlled setting.

allicin

known for its antioxidant, antibacterial antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties. (in garlic)

Bacillus cereus

is a rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, vegetation, and food. It can cause nausea, vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.