Dev Psyc 2 - Developmental Issues in Infancy & Toddlerhood

caregiving, sensitive, responsive

In Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, the first would be basic trust versus basic mistrust.

• The critical element in developing trust is?

Attachment

a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationships.

Bowlby

The study of attachment had been “popularized by

Secure

Avoidant

Ambivalent

Disorganized-disoriented

Attachment Styles

Secure attachment

attachment when a baby cries when caregiver leaves but quickly comfort once they returned

• comfy being left with stranger for short period

Avoidant

patter where babies are unaffected when caregiver leaves

Ambivalent

pattern where babies are generally anxious even before caregiver leaves

• remains upset when caregiver returns

Disorganized-disoriented

pattern which after seperating from mother, they show misdirected behaviors when returning

stranger anxiety

turns away when a new person approaches

seperation anxiety

distress when caregiver leaves

sense of self

growth of autonomy

socialization

There are main three psychological issues that toddlers and their caregivers have to deal with:

Self Concept

sense of self, descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits

Personal Agency

The realization that they can control external events.

Self-coherence

The sense of being a physical whole with boundaries separate from the rest of the world

Self-awareness

Conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being.

3 months

At least ___ months infants pay attention to their mirror image

4-9 months

____ months show more interest in images of others

15-18 months

develop an early perceptual discrimination may be the foundation of the conceptual self-awareness.

Socialization

The second stage in psychosocial development, according to Erikson, will be the autonomy versus shame and doubt

• Process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society.

Self-regulation

A child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

Conscience

Includes both emotional discomfort about doing something wrong and the ability to refrain from doing it.

Committed compliance

Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminder or lapses.

Situation compliance

Konchanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.

Receptive compliance

Konchanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.

physical abuse

emotional maltreatment

neglect

failure to thrive

sexual abuse

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)

Maltreatment Abuse and Neglect: