APUSH Monroe thru Jackson Vocab

Era of Good Feelings

The James Monroe administration was considered the Era of Good Feelings because political fighting between Democrats and Federalists had ended. Americans were also happy because they weren't worried about being caught between France and Britain which allowed them to look west.

"Loose Construction"

belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Justice John Marshall's 1824 decision, one based on his interpretation of the commerce clause in the Constitution, ruled that federal law is the last word regarding interstate commerce

Fletcher v. Peck

1810
*Marshall Court decision
*The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution
*The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal
*A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption
*The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption
*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Anglo-American Convention, 1818

During the Anglo-American convention (or the London Convention) the Anglo-American treaty (or the Treaty of 1818) was signed between the United States and the United Kingdom. In this treaty they resolved borders, the restoration of slaves, and fisheries issues. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country and created a boundary called the 49th parallel north. This treaty marked both the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in the United States and the United States' only permanent significant cession of North American territory to a foreign power.

Land Act, 1820

This act ended the ability to purchase the public domain lands on a credit or installment system over 4 years, as previously allowed. Full payment was required at the time of purchase and registration but, to encourage more sales and make them more affordable, Congress reduced both the minimum price and the minimum size of a standard tract. These lands were located on the frontier within the Ohio River Valley and elsewhere in the (old) Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory, in what was then called "The West." This act decreased the level of land speculation and created a better environment for settlers, spurring increased settlement in the American West.

Tallmadge Amendment, 1819

A proposed amendment to a bill regarding the admission of the Missouri Territory to the Union as a free state. The amendment was submitted in the U.S. House of Representatives James Tallmadge, a Democratic-Republican from New York, and Charles Baumgardner. The measure passed the House but failed in the Senate due to unified Southern opposition.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

An attempt to appease both sides of the debate by admitting Missouri as a slave state in exchange for the admission of Maine as a free state and the complete prohibition of slavery in all of the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36 degree 30' parallel, except in Missouri.

John Quincy Adams

James Monroe’s secretary of state. He negotiated the Rush-Bagot Treaty and the Adams-Onis Treaty and served as the sixth President of the United States. Adams was a strong advocate for internal improvements and opposed slavery.

Jackson in Florida

In 1818 Andrew Jackson was sent to Florida to attack the Seminoles. He lured a number of chiefs to a conference under a peace flag and then hung them. Next, he captured 2 British citizens at St. Marks, Florida, whom he felt were aiding the Seminoles, hanging one and shooting the other. Finally, blaming Spain for a lack of control, he marched on Pensacola, kicked the Spanish governor out and claimed Florida for the United States.

Adams-Onis Treaty

John Quincy Adams convinced Spain to sell Florida to the U.S. for $5 million. Spain did and recognized the southern border of the United States to be at the 42nd parallel from the Pacific across the northern border of Texas and then down to Florida

Rush-Bagot Treaty

This treaty established the northern boundary between the United States and Canada. It demilitarized the Canadian frontier and set the border at the 49th parallel. It was negotiated by John Quincy Adams

Monroe Doctrine

A statement issued by James Monroe that demanded that all European nations cease colonization and involvement in the new world. It was issued because Monroe was concerned over European involvement in the Western Hemisphere.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions. Now just called "The Midwest," it was the area closed to slavery by the Northwest Ordinances of the 1780s.

Old Southwest

Region covering western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, where low land prices and fertile soil attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers after the American Revolution.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class. Blamed on the National Bank

King Caucus

an informal meeting held in the nineteenth century, sometimes called a congressional caucus, made up of legislators in the Congress who met to decide on presidential nominees for their respective parties

Transportation Revolution

Term referring to a series of nineteenth-century transportation innovations—turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads—that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Erie Canal

A huge goal for the U.S. during the late 18th and early 19th centuries was to link Lake Erie and the other Great Lakes with the Atlantic Coast through a canal. The canal would connect to the port of New York City by beginning at the Hudson River near Albany, New York. From Albany the canal would flow to Rome, New York and then through Syracuse and Rochester to Buffalo, located on the northeast coast of Lake Erie. President Monroe found the idea unconstitutional and vetoed it, so the NY State legislature took the matter into its own hands and approved state funding for the canal in 1816. Governor Clinton oversaw the aspects of the canal’s construction (Clinton’s Ditch). Construction began in Rome, New York and the 1st segment would proceed east from Rome to the Hudson River. On October 25, 1825, the entire length of the canal was complete. 85 locks, 500 ft rise in elevation, 363 miles, 40 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. It cost $7 million to build but reduced shipping costs significantly. The ease of trade prompted migration and the development of farms throughout the Great Lakes and Upper Midwest

Lowell Textile Mills

19th-century mills for the manufacture of cloth, located in Lowell, Massachusetts, that mainly employed young women.

Putout System (Outwork)

A pre-industrial manufacturing system where merchants or factory owners provided raw materials (like wool or cotton) to workers who completed the work at home. The workers would then “put out” the finished goods to the merchant who sold them in markets.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

The 1st independent Protestant denomination to be founded by black people, though it welcomes and has members of all ethnicities. It was founded by Reverend Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area who wanted to escape the discrimination that was commonplace in society. Persistently advocated for the civil and human rights of African Americans through social improvement, religious autonomy, and political engagement. Allen was consecrated as their 1st bishop. The largest major African American Methodist denomination

Alexis de Tocqueville

He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.

Henry Clay

A speaker from the House of Representatives who sided with Adams in the 1828 election. Adams then made him Secretary of State - the traditional springboard to the White House. It looked like they had bargained to make each other president. He also negotiated the Missouri Compromise

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves. This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. He was known as the “People’s President.” He created the Spoils System, and his troops called him “Old Hickory” because of his toughness.

Election of 1824

The Federalist Party had collapsed so the Democratic-Republican party was the only major national party. The candidates were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Jackson won the popular vote but no candidate secured a majority of electoral votes so the election was thrown to the House of Representatives. Then, Clay sided with Adams giving him the election, Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State (the traditional springboard to the White House. It looked like they had bargained to make each other president). John Quincy Adams ended up winning the election

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Election of 1828

The candidates were Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Adams’s critics attacked Jackson’s character and Jackson’s supporters attacked Adams as an elitist and corrupt (because of the Corrupt Bargain in 1824). Jackson had support from the West and South while Adams had support from New England. Jackson got 647,286 popular votes and Adams got 508,064 besting him in the Electoral College as well as 178 to 83. Jackson won the election.

Spoils System

A system of rewarding supporters with good positions in office. This system denied many able people a chance to contribute. It was built up by gifts from expectant party members and took 50 years for its grip to be loosened. 

Tariff of Abominations

A protective tariff that placed very high taxes on imported goods, especially manufactured items and raw materials. It was created to protect Northern manufacturers by getting Americans to purchase items made in the U.S. It hurt the South because they depended on imported goods and sold most of its cotton to foreign countries, the South saw this law as unfair and economically harmful. also known as the Tariff of 1828

John C. Calhoun

Andrew Jackson’s Vice President. His wife led Washington’s high society of women and she shunned Peggy Eaton, spreading rumors that she had behaved immorally before her marriage. Jackson sympathized with Peggy because she reminded him of how his own wife was attacked by society. The scandal split Jackson’s cabinet and created tension between Jackson and this man. He eventually resigned as VP in 1832

Nullification Crisis

In response to the anger at the Tariff of Abominations (the Tariff of 1828) Congress passed the Tariff of 1832, which lowered the tariff down to 35% (a reduction of 10%). In the election of 1832, the Nullies came out with a 2/3s majority in S.C. over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared the Tariff of 1832 to be void within S.C. Boundaries. Jackson attained a force bill and promised that he would hang the 1st Nullie he found in the 1st tree he found if he had to come down there. S.C. Governor Hayne issued a counter-proclamation, and civil war loomed dangerously. Henry Clay proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years and his Tariff of 1833 went through Congress. Congress then passed a force bill (Bloody Bill). And eventually S.C. repealed the nullification ordinance. Unionists and Nullies both felt that they had won.

The Bloody Bill

A bill passed by Congress that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A bill proposed by Henry Clay that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%.

Eaton Affair

A scandal that occurred in 1831 in which Andrew Jackson’s Secretary of War, John H. Eaton had married Margaret “Peggy” O’Neale, a woman of whom scandal was linked. The women of Jackson’s official family had scorned Peggy. Jackson tried to intervene on Peggy’s behalf, but had to accept defeat, sending John Eaton and his wife back to Tennessee. Jackson was reminded of the attacks his wife, Rachel had received when he was running for president. Jackson’s Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren began to pay special attention to Peggy and in the subsequent scandal, Jackson turned increasingly against his Vice President John C. Calhoun, breaking with him completely when Calhoun resigned in 1832. A year after his followers were purged from the cabinet, Calhoun turned increasingly sectionalist.

Margaret “Peggy” O’Neale

John H. Eaton’s wife who was included in a scandal that influenced the Eaton Affair

The Bank War

In 1832, Representative Henry Clay and Sen. Daniel Webster, in a strategy to bring Jackson’s popularity down so that he could defeat him for presidency, rammed a bill for the early re—chartering of the Bank of the United States (BUS). The recharted bill passed through Congress easily, but Jackson demolished in a scorching veto that condemned the BUS as unconstitutional and anti-American. The veto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the Supreme Court and aligned the West against the East. The BUS was hard on the volatile western “wildcat” banks that churned out unstable money. It also seemed autocratic and out of touch with America during its New Democracy era; and it was corrupt. The bank was financially sound, reduced bank failures, issued sound notes, prompted economic expansion by making abundant credit, and was a safe depository for the funds of the Washington government

Nicholas Biddle

The leader of the Bank of the United States. He lent U.S. funds to friends and often used the money of the BUS to bribe people, like the press.

Pet Banks

State banks. This is where Jackson began placing federal deposits into after he withdrew federal funds to drain the BUS of its wealth

Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians

People in the U.S. who tried to Christianize the Native Americans

Indian Removal Act (1830)

A law singed into action by President Andrew Jackson. It enabled the federal government to negotiate with southeastern Native American tribes for their ancestral lands in states such as Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. As a result, about 60,000 Native Americans were forced westward into “Indian Territory” (Now Oklahoma). The mass migration led to over 4,000 deaths along the Trail of Tears

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

The Cherokee nation in Georgia had adopted many aspects of white American culture, but Georgia passed laws extending state authority over Cherokee lands and tried to remove them. The Cherokee nation sued Georgia, arguing that Georgia’s laws violated treaties previously made between Cherokee and the U.S. government. Chief John Ross represented the Cherokees and asked the Supreme Court to stop Georgia from enforcing its laws. Chief Justice John Marshall heard the case in 1831. The court dismissed the case, ruling that it did not have jurisdiction. Marshall said that Cherokee Nation wasn’t a foreign nation and didn’t have the power to sue Georgia in a federal court

Worchester v. Georgia

Asserted that states didn’t have the right to impose regulations on Native American land. John Marshall wrote that “the Indian nations had always been distinct, independent political communities, retaining their natural rights.

Treaty of New Echota

This treaty gave the Cherokees $5 million and land in present day Oklahoma in exchange for their 7 million acres of ancestral land. The majority of Cherokees opposed the treaty, and Principal Chief John Ross wrote a letter to Congress protesting it, the U.S. Senate ratified the document in March 1836. President Martin Van Buren proposed a two-year extension to allow the Cherokees time to move. But that spring, the federal government sent 7,000 soldiers under General Winfield Scott to evict the remaining Cherokees.

Chief John Ross

The Cherokee chief who advocated for the Cherokee in the Cherokee v. Georgia case and the Treaty of New Echota

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Native American nations from their ancestral lands in the 1830s. The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830, and 60,000 Native Americans were forced westward into “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma now) and caused 4,000 deaths along this trail. In 1838 15,000 Cherokees were forced from their ancestral homes and 4,000 of them died

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Established in 1836 to deal with Indians.

Panic of 1837

A major financial crisis that struck the United States during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, leading to a severe economic depression that lasted for several years. Occurred because President Jacksons decisions to create pet banks and ordered that the U.S. would only accept gold and silver as payment for public lands. When Martin Van Buren came into presidency, he was blamed for the economic crisis the U.S. was going through that was left behind by President Jackson. 

Martin Van Buren

President Jackson’s Secretary of State who became president in 1836. (President Jackson’s successor). He proposed the 2-year extension to allow the Cherokees time to move out of their land, he was included in the panic of 1837, and paid attention to Peggy O’Neale in the Eaton Affair.

Second Seminole War

From 1835 to 1842, the Seminole Tribe, led by Osceola, Jumper, Alligator, Tiger Tail, Micanopy, ad others waged this war. It is the longest sustained Indian war in the history of the United States, and what has been the largest slave insurrection in the United States due to the large number of runaway slaves fighting among the Seminoles.