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Length (S.I. Unit)
The fundamental quantity of distance in physics, measured in meters (m).
Mass (S.I. Unit)
The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
Time (S.I. Unit)
The dimension that measures the duration of events, measured in seconds (s).
Common Multipliers
Prefixes used to denote powers of ten: Micro- (10⁻⁶), Milli- (10⁻³), Centi- (10⁻²), Kilo- (10³), Mega- (10⁶), Giga- (10⁹).
Scalar Quantity
A physical quantity that has magnitude only, without direction (e.g., temperature, mass).
Vector Quantity
A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).
Vector Diagram
A graphical representation of vectors where arrows denote magnitude and direction; used to find the resultant vector by vector addition.
Distance
The total length of the path traveled by an object, irrespective of direction.
Displacement
The straight-line distance and direction from the starting point to the ending point of an object's motion.
True Bearing
The direction of a vector relative to a reference direction, calculated using trigonometric functions.
Speed
The rate of change of distance with respect to time, a scalar quantity.
Velocity
The rate of change of displacement with respect to time, a vector quantity.
Average Speed
The total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.
Average Velocity
The total displacement divided by the total time taken.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
a = (v – u)/t
Formula for acceleration, where 'v' is final velocity, 'u' is initial velocity, and 't' is time.
v = u + at
Formula for final velocity in uniformly accelerated motion.
s = ut + ½ at²
Formula for displacement in uniformly accelerated motion.
v² = u² + 2as
Formula relating final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and displacement.
Displacement-Time Graph
A graph that shows how displacement changes over time; the slope represents velocity.
Velocity-Time Graph
A graph that shows how velocity changes over time; the slope represents acceleration.
Gradient of Velocity-Time Graph
Represents the acceleration of an object.
Acceleration Due to Gravity
The constant acceleration experienced by objects in free fall near the Earth's surface, approximately 9.80 m/s².
Force
An interaction that causes a change in the motion of an object, measured in Newtons (N).
Resultant Force
The single force that has the same effect as the combination of all individual forces acting on an object.
Inertia
The property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion; directly related to its mass.
Newton’s 1st Law
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s 2nd Law
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass (F = ma).
Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Weight
The gravitational force acting on an object, calculated as W = mg, where 'm' is mass and 'g' is the acceleration due to gravity.
Work (W)
The energy transferred when a force moves an object through a distance, calculated as W = Fs, where 'F' is force and 's' is displacement.
Energy
The capacity to do work, measured in Joules (J).
Energy Transformation
The process of converting energy from one form to another (e.g., mechanical to thermal energy).
Energy Transfer
The movement of energy from one place or object to another without changing its form.
Kinetic Energy (KE)
The energy an object has due to its motion, calculated as KE = ½ mv², where 'm' is mass and 'v' is velocity.
Gravitational Potential Energy (EP)
The energy stored in an object due to its position in a gravitational field, calculated as EP = mgh, where 'm' is mass, 'g' is gravitational acceleration, and 'h' is height.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another or transferred.
Power
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in Watts (W).
P = W/t
Formula for power, where 'W' is work done and 't' is time.
Efficiency
The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage.
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