Kingdom Plantae Classification Review

kingdom plantae classification

Botany

the study of the plant kingdom

Divisions

Plantae is divided into 12 phyla, known as _______

12 phyla divided into 3 smaller groups:

• Nonvascular: Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, and Anthocerophyta

• Vascular w/o seeds: Pteridophyta, Sphenophyta, Lycophyta, and Psilotophyta

• Vascular w/ seeds: Ginkgophyta, Anthophyta, Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, and Gnetophyta

Bryophyta (the mosses)

• non-vascular

• A leafy shoot on top and tiny root anchors (rhizoids)

Non-vascular

• plants do not have veins/true tissues to transport water and nutrients

• diffusion to move particles — must be small & close to water

Rhizoids

tiny root anchors

Hepatophyta (liverwort)

• Nonvascular

• Gametophytes are a flattened leathery structure —- thallus

Thallus

• simple, flat plant body not divided into roots, stems or leaves

• In liverworts, the ______ is the flattened leathery structure gametophyte

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

• Nonvascular

• Flattened along the ground, but sporophyte looks like a horn growing out of the plant

Xylem

Tissues that transport water

Phloem

Tissues that transport nutrients

Pteridophyta

• Vascular w/o seeds (grow large and survive in drier environments due to veins)

• Found in all climates, prominent in cool, shady areas

• Uses spores

Frond

A fern leaf

Sori (Sporangia)

A collection of sporangia, releasing spores via wind that grows and germinates.

Prothallus

As a spore germinates, it grows into a heart shaped _____ —> fiddlehead —> unfurls as a frond

• gametophyte stage in life cycle of ferns

Fiddlehead

Young, uncoiled fern frond

Sphenophyta (Horsetails)

• Vertical w/o seeds

• Hollow, vertical stems, producing whorls of thin leaves

• Uses spores

• American settlers used it to clean pans, rigid and rough

Lycophyta (Club Mosses)

• Vascular w/o seeds

• Looks like large moss plants

• Use spores

• Have erect stems w/ cone-like structures for releasing spores on the ends

Psilotophyta (Whisk ferns)

• Vascular w/o seeds

• Rare and unusual

• Use spores

• May grow a thick stem covered with rhizoids (like fungi) underground to spread

Gymnosperm

non flowering plants with seeds: coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, and gnetophyta

Angiosperm

flowering plants with seeds: anthophyta

Coniferophyta (Cone-bearing plants)

• Vascular plants

• Gymnosperm & largest type

• Two cone types:

• pollen cone: numerous. small, produce large amounts of pollen to increase the chance of reaching the seed cone. pollen travels via air

• seed cone: small and green. After trapping pollen, they close scales, and ova is fertilized. Seeds grow —> brown and woody —> opens to release mature seeds

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

• Vascular w/seeds

• Gymnosperms

• Native to tropical areas, look like palm trees

Ginkgophyta (Ginkgos)

• Vascular w/ seeds

• Gymnosperms

• Broad leathery leaves

• Trees either male, producing pollen (sperm) or female, producing yellow cherry-sized foul-smelling fruit

Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)

• Vascular w/seeds

• Gymnosperms

• Grow pollen & seeds in cones that look like flowers

• Two unusual members: Ephedra plants, Welwitschia plants

Anthophyta (The Flowering Plants)

• Vascular w/ seeds

• Angiosperms

• Pollen fertilizes an ovule inside the ovary of a flower, ovary —> fruit w/ seed(s)

• Most plants, trees, shrubs and grasses you think of are angiosperms

• 2 groups: Monocots, Dicots

Cotyledon

first leaf or leaves from a germinating seed, serving as a food source and nutrient storage, until true leaves develop

Main characteristics of all plants

• Eukaryotic, autotrophic, multicellular, chloroplast, large vacuoles, cellulose walls, sexual and asexual reproduction, evolved from algae

What did plants evolve from? What adaptations were required for life on land

Algae

Land requires: water conservation— waxy cuticle on leaves, transport of water & nutrients— vascular system, reproduction (sexual) — pollen in higher plants, and support — woodiness.

How do non-vascular plants transport water and nutrients within the plant

• Diffusion - the natural passive movements of particles from a high concentration area to a low one.

Describe the Bryophyte life cycle and define gametophyte and sporophyte

• Gametophyte produces sperm and eggs at the top of a moss’ leafy shoot

• Water triggers the release of sperm, traveling to eggs, and growing into a new shoot

• This shoot produces a stalk with spores in the sporophyte generation.

• When the spores are released, they will germinate into a new leafy shoot and the gametophyte generation will begin again.

• Gametophyte: haploid stage in life cycle that produces gametes (egg & sperm) via mitosis for sexual reproduction, forming the next sporophyte generation after fertilization

Compare monocots and dicots

Monocot:

one cotyledon (seeds), parallel veins in leaves (leaves), fibrous root system (roots), xylem and phloem are scattered throughout the stem (stems), flower petals are in 3’s or 6’s (flower parts)

Dicot: two cotyledons, branched veins in leaves, tap root, xylem and phloem are arranged in a ring throughout the system, flower parts in 4’s or 5’s