Psychopharmacology

Psychotropic/psychoactive agents can be

Endogenous (internal) and Exogenous (external use)

Endogenous

Neurotransmitters

Exogenous

Drugs

neurotransmitters are

Chemical compounds produces at varying sites within the body. (specific effects at specific locations)

Drugs are

Chemical compounds from outside the body which have selective biological activity within the body

Drugs biological actives responses depend on

Dose response relationship within body

Degree of biological activity is dependent on

Amount of drug administratered

Drugs action depends upon

How much the drug reaches its site of action per unit of time

Pharmaco kinetics

What the body does to the drug

Pharmaco dynamics

What the drug does to the body at the cellular level

Dose response relationship is the basis of

Therapeutic index of a drug

TI of drug is derived from

Interval between the drugs effective doses (50 percent) and its toxic does (50 percent)

TI must exceed 7 to prevent

Overdose and death

TI depends on (pharmokentics)

Route and rate of administration, and rate of absorption

Two classes of route administration

Oral and parenteral (anal,intramuscular,inhalation)

Rate of absorption depends on

Physical state of drug (solid, liquid, and Gas

Absorption is complete when

When a drugs concentration in general circulation is equal to it concentration at the site of administration (steady state)

Gases elimate via

Exhalation

Liquid and solids eliminate via

Enzymatic degration

Drug response specificity

Is the result of drug receptor affinity (lock and key model)

Drug response variability

Influence of a drugs response (age, health, genetics etc..)

Comprehensive classes of drugs

Excitatory and inhibitory

General sub classes of drugs

Stimulants, anti depressants, tranquilizers, and Hallucinogens.

Stimulants

Xanthines,amphetamines,convulsants,anticonulsants

Antidepressants

Cyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, SNRI

Depressants

Anxiolytics,sedative,hypnotics,analgesics controlled (narcotics), alcohol

Tranquilizers

Anti anxiety, muscle relaxants, antipsychotic, mood stablizers.

Xanthines (methyl)

Most widely used stimulants (coffee,nic,theophylline)

Site of action for xanthines

Brainstem, spinal cord, heart and lungs

MOA for xanthines

C-H-N-O compounds (nitrogen based)

Treatment for xanthines

Combat fatigue, treatment of asthma

Caffeine formula

C8 H10 N4 O2

Amphetamines

Most abused stimulants (add,adhd,diet pills, coke)

MOA Amphetamines

1. Enhances release of NE ,DA presynaptically.

2. Inhibit re uptake mechanism

Symptoms of Amphetamines

Increased HR, temperature, BP.

Treatment Amphetamines

Combats fatigue, decreases appetite, increases performance.

Convulsants

Produces convulsions (strychnine, picrotoxin, metrazol.)

Convulsants MOA

Blocks inhibitory NTs (GABA, glycine,) within the CNS and PNS

Convulsants Also known as

Analeptics (to restore life)

Anticonvulsants

Prevent convulsions

Anticonvulsants drugs

Diphenylhydation (Dilantin)

Carbamazepine (tegretol)

Gabapentin (neruontin)

Tiagabine (Gabitril)

Topiramate (Topamax)

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)

Tricyclics

Oldest class of AD (tofranil, norpramin, elavil, desyrel)

Tricyclics MOA

Potent inhibitors of re uptake mechanisms of all catecholamines

Tricyclics Site of action

Brain

ANS: sym and parasympathetic.

MOA inhibitors

Second oldest class of AD (nardil, parnate, Emsam)

MOA inhibitors: MOA

Inhibits monoamine oxidase which break down all catecholamines.

MAOIS medication

Marplan (isocarboxazid)

Nardil (phenelzine)

Parnate (tranylcypromine)

SSRIs

Prozac,Paxil,Zoloft.celexa,Luvox,lexapro

SSRIS inhibit

The reputake of serotonin

SSRI side effects

sexual drive decreased

SSRI medication

Celexa (citalopram)

Fluvoxamine

Lexapro (escitalopram)

Paxil (paroxetine)

Prozac (fluoxetine)

Symbyax (olanzapine/ fluoxetine)

Zoloft (sertraline)

Cymbalta (duoloxetine)

Effexor (venlafaxine)

Meridia (sibutramine)

SNRIs

They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (cymbalta,prestiq,Effexor,remeron)

SRNI add

An energy competes to the effects of serotonin (5-ht)

Dopamine based only

Wellbutrin (bupropion)

Norepinephrine base only

Strattera (atomoxetine)

Hypnotics,sedatives,anxiolytics

Class of drugs to induce drowsiness,sleep, and lack of anxiety.. (dalmane,restoril,halcion,ambien)

Barbiturates

Class of drugs derived from barbituric acid (phenobarbitals,Seconal)

Type of Barbiturates

Tuinal, sodium Amytal, medomin, nernbutal, Amytal, Phanodorm, Sodium Seconal, soneryl, Epanutin

Hypnotics, sedatives, and anxiolytics are a

Mechanisms of depressants not well understood

Work in the CNS to depress Brian activity

Hypnotics, sedatives, and anxiolytics Receptors

Located in brain stem, midbrain, and medulla

Anxiolytics

Work via GABA to suppress oxidation in the brain

Analegesics narcotic controlled (Opiates)

Class of drug used to relieve pain (morphine, heroine, codeine, methadone, OxyContin)

Opiates drug

Morphine and codeine

Opioids drug

Hydrocodone and oxycodone

TEL receptor

Basel ganglia

DI receptor

Amygdala, medial thalamus

MES receptors

Substantia nigra

MYEL receptor

Previventeicular gray matter

Narcotic analegesics

Most abused class of drug (herion)

Narcotic analegesics initial use

Nausea,vomiting,constipation,pupillary constriction

Narcotic analegesics Prolonged use

Euphoria, anxiety reduction, reduced desire for food and sex

Narcotic antagonists

Class of drug to prevent effects of opiates (narcan, dolophine, suboxone.)

Narcotic antagonists Blocks

Opiate receptors, preventing euphoric effects

Alcohols

Class of drug made from fermentation and distillation of naturally occurring sugars

Beer and wine

Fermentation

vodka and whiskey

Distillation

Alcohol is depressive bc

It’s effects on cells in the reticular formations (mid brain to brain stem) and cerebral cortex

Excessive alcohol consumption interrupts

Physical, cognitive, and social functioning

The body can process how much alcohol in one hour?

One ounce of alcohol per hour

Long term abuse of alcohol can cause

Permanent brain damage (korsakoffs syndrome)

Minor tranquilizers (anxiolytics)

Class of drug used to reduce anxiety and panic (Valium,Librium,Ativan,and Xanax.)

Frist tranquilizer used in

1890’s called phenobarbital

Benzodiazaphines

Class of drug that uses GABA, major inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain, to reduce oxidative metabolism through the Brian,

Benzos type

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Clonazepam (kolonopin)

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

Diazepam (Valium)

Lorazepam (Ativan)

Temazepam (restoril)

Triazolam (halcion)

Muscle relaxants

Class of drug used to relax skeletal musculature. Also used as minor tranquilizers (flexeril, Valium, soma)

Muscle relaxants work at

Peripheral at neuronal junction

Muscle relaxants used

To reduce muscle spasm. (Vistaril)

Tranquilizers major class (antipsychotic)

Class of drugs used to reduce symptoms of psychosis

Antipsychotics low potency

Thorazine, Mellaril, Seroquel

Antipsychotics high potency

Haldol, Risperdal, zyprexa, Geodon

All antipsychotic reduce

Dopamine levels in Brain

Extrapyramidal effects: antipsychotics

Parkinson’s-like effects, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia

Mood stabilizers (tranquilizers major class)

Class of drugs used to treat mania (lithium,tegertol,depakote,lamictal,topamax)

Hallucinogens

Are a class consisting of wide range of chemical structures (natural or synthetic)

All hallucinogens have to ability to produce

Hallucinosis: perceptual experiences without a sensory basis generated within CNS knows as hallucinations

Paychotomimetics

LSD (lysergic acid diethylmadie)

LSD was mad by

Swiss chemist (Albert Hofmann) from an ergot fungus of rye and other grains and a muscle relaxant.

MOA LSD

LSD contains an indole ring and inhibits neural activity at raphe nuclei in the activating system in the brain.

LSD mimics the effects of

Psychosis

4 effects of LSD

1:SNS stripped musculature (Ataxia, spasticity)

2:ANS tachycardia, hyperthermia

3:smooth musculature blood vessel constrication

4. Psychological: psychotic symptoms