Art Appreciation 2

Civilization

• Distinguish culture, composite of cultures that have fairly complex social orders and relatively high degrees of technical development

  • Key Elements

    • Agriculture

    • Animal Husbandry

    • Occupational Specialization

    • Writing and Production of Bronze

  • All made possible by the move to cooperative living in urban as well as agriculture communities

Contrapposto

• Counterpoised pose when a figure bears most of his weight on one leg; indicating movement and naturalism

Humanism

• New philosophical, literary and artistic movement that combines theological concerns w/ intellectual and scientific inquiry; rediscovered from classic culture of Greece and Rome

Icon

• Devotional image but not worshipped in themselves and painted in conformity to a formula

Ziggurat

• Massive, stepped temple tower in ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq and Iran), built from 4000 to 500 BCE to serve as a high-place, or "mountain," connecting heaven and earth.

Ka

• The soul or life force of a person, often in reference to a royal or a pharaoh.

Linear perspective 

• A technique used in art to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface. Artists use a vanishing point and converging lines so objects appear smaller as they get farther away.

Iconoclast

• in Byzantine art, one who opposes the creation of, and orders the destruction of, images of holy persons, believing that they promote idolatry.

Dome

• A rounded, hemispherical roof or ceiling placed over a space. Domes are often used in important buildings (like churches or mosques) to symbolize the heavens and create a grand interior space.

Arch

• Ancient Roman architectural elements or principles of construction.

• Semicircular arch made with wedge-shaped stones fitted together with joints at right angles; it uses a keystone, final stone set in place at the top creating a continuous arch with load-bearing capacity  

Vault

• Curving ceiling or or roof structure made of bricks or blocks of stone tightly fitted to form a unified shell; Roman builders perfected the round arch and developed the groin vault, formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults, which are round arches extended in depth  

Sfumato Chiaroscuro

• soft blurring of the edges achieved through subtle value gradations and was invented by Leonardo, “without lines or borders in the manner of smoke”

Gothic

• The term or culture which refers to the European Christian architectural style whose pointed arch superseded the Romanesque round arch is

Renaissance

• “Rebirth,” specifically of classical values, is a group of artists and intellectuals who were the first in European history to give their own era an identifying name.

Romanesque

• All medieval art of Western Europe from mid 11th to 12th centuries

Baroque

•  Highly ornate, dramatic, and complex artistic style prevalent in 17th-century Europe, spanning architecture, music, painting, and sculpture

• Dramatically activates viewers’ emotions, often in line with the Counter-Reformation.

Araich Period

• Early period in Greek art in which they assimilated influences from Egypt and Near East

Classical Period

• Specifically 480-323 BCE in Greece

Hellenistic Period

• Late Greek art that is more expressive and romantic than classical, frequently shows exaggerated movement; not balanced and ordered movement

Classical art of Greece and Rome which is defined as the Classical West, emphasizes all of the following : 

• Order

• Rational Simplicity

• Restrained Emotion

Pros for returning the Elgin Marbles to Greece

• Ethical Benefits of a strong, old and powerful country, Britain, returning sculptures to a smaller and newer independent nation state, Greece, that is yearning for symbols of national pride

• Completion of the new, climate controlled Acropolis Museum in Athens

• Reuniting the sculptures with the Parthenon Temple and their original context on the Acropolis in Athens

The Church of San Vitale was commissioned by

• Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora

David by Donatello is characterized by 

• Stood in the Medici Palace and was commissioned by the Medici family of wealthy bankers who held power and influence in the rising middle class and became a primary patron of art and architecture.  

• The first human scaled male nude sculpture since the Ancient Roman times

• A Renaissance artwork that draws on the classical tradition of heroic nudity and transforms it based on the artist's unique vision.

The panels of the Great Lyre with Bull’s Head represent

Scenes from the Epic of Gilgamesh, the first ever literary text, which was written in cuneiform, a type of writing that the Sumerians invented.

Pyramid of Giza

Medium : Granite and limestone

Location: Giza, Egypt

Culture: Ancient Egyptian

Description : Served the cultural values of immortality and the pleasures of the afterlife; served religious and political purposes; evoke a sense of awe and magnificence. They project a sense of permanence.

Title: Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut

Architect: Senmut

Culture: Ancient Egyptian

Description: rock cut tomb wall is a remarkable union of nature and architecture; ramps and colonnades create an open form that facilitates royal displays of pageantry and that communicates more accessibility than Great Pyramid forms

Title: Colonnade and Court of Amenhotep III, Temple of Amun-Mut-

Khonsu

Culture: Ancient Egyptian

Description: view of the great court with double row or papyrus-clustered Columns

Title : Notre Dame de Chartres, Chartres,

Location : France

Style : Gothic

Description : light filled upward reaching structures symbolized transcendence up into the heavens, a triumph of the spirit over the bonds of earthly life

Title : Pantheon

Location : Rome, Italy

Period : Imperial Roman

Medium : Marble and concrete

Description dome- a round, or Roman, arch rotated 180 degrees on its vertical axis

Title: Hagia Sophia

Location: Constantinople (later Istanbul) 

Culture: Byzantine

Description: principal church of the Byzantine Empire in its capital and a mosque after the Ottoman Empire conquered the city in 1453.

Title: Pont du Gard

Culture: Ancient Roman

Period: Imperial

Medium: limestone and concrete

Description: aqueduct

Title: Colosseum

Culture: Ancient Roman

Period: Imperial

Medium: concrete, brick, stone

Description: arena for gladiator events that could

hold 50,000 people

Architect : Giotto

Title : Lamentation in the Scrovegni Chapel

Location : Padua, Italy

Period : Fresco

Culture/ Description : Renaissance, trans. as “rebirth,” specifically of classical values; group of intellectuals were the first in European history to give their own era an identifying name

Artist : Velazquez

Title : The Maids of Honor

Medium : Oil on canvas

Period Baroque

Self-portrait

Title: Great Lyre with Bull’s Head

Location: Sumer city-state

Medium: wood with gold, lapis lazuli, shell, silver

Culture: Mesopotamian (Ancient Near Eastern)

Description: panels depict scenes from the Epic of Gilgamesh, the first ever literary text which was written in cuneiform; the Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform

Title: Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo Burial Ship, Suffolk, England 

Culture: Early Medieval 

Medium: gold and enamel 

Description: the style of nomadic merchant’s metalwork was diffused over large geographic areas and derived from many sources

Title: Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite 

Location: Parthenon east pediment 

Culture: Greek 

Period: Classical 

Medium: marble

Architect: Ictinus and Callikrates 

Title: Parthenon 

Location: Acropolis, Athens 

Culture: Greek Period: Classical 

Medium: marble

The axis of the building was carefully calculated so that on Athena’s birthday the rising sun coming through the east doorway would illuminate the 40 ft statue of her 

Artist: Michelangelo

Title: The Creation of Adam

Medium: fresco

Place: Sistine Chapel ceiling, Vatican, Rome

Period: Renaissance

Description: one of nine panels of scenes from Genesis; Michelangelo

emphasized idealized, bulging muscular bodies- intense twisting figures and facial expressions; human body is a powerful, expressive form

Title: Ziggurat

Location: Sumer city-state

Medium: red mud bricks

Culture: Mesopotamian (Ancient Near Eastern)

Description: a temple set on a huge platform where Sumerians worshipped a hierarchy

of nature gods; “sacred mountain” that links heaven and earth

Artist: Polykleitos 

Title: Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) 

Culture: Greek 

Period: Classical 

Medium: marble

Title: Akkadian Ruler

Medium: Bronze

Location: Akkad city-state

Culture: Mesopotamian (Ancient Near Eastern)

Title: Menkaura and Queen

All of the following Artists depicted David from David and Goliath except..

Senmut

Linear Perspective is used in

Reanaissance painting

Artist: Michelangelo

Title: David

Medium: marble

Period: Renaissance

Artist: Bernini

Title: David

Medium: marble

Period: Baroque

Artist: Donatello

Title: David

Medium: bronze

Period: Renaissance

Title: Empress Theodora in the Church of San Vitale

Culture: Byzantine

Medium: mosaic, commissioned by Empress Theodora and Emporer Justinian