Psych sem 2 - final exam

what is an assessment? what is the purpose of an assessment?

• a process whereby a sequence of questions/steps aid in systematically gathering data on the client for the purpose of coming to a decision - the collection, organization, and interpretation of information about a client and their situation

• 1) intervention-focused assessment - creating a comprehensive/accurate description of client’s current state and needs, with the intent of determining the appropriate treatment actions

• 2) Screening - identifying individuals who may have problems that require clinical attention or identifying individuals who may be at risk for developing problems

• 3) Prognosis - combining assessment data with the research literature to make predictions about the patient’s future course of psychological functioning

what is diagnosis? how does diagnosis work? what is the DSM? how does the DSM define “mental disorder”?

• a label/classification of a person’s symptoms

• it has clinical utility by helping clinicians to determine the prognosis, treatment plans, and potential treatment outcomes for their patients

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

• a clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associates with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, ir an important loss of freedom

what are the five axises of the DSM - 4 system ?

• Axis 1 - Clinical syndrome - clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention (anything that isn’t in the other axes)

• Axis 2 - Personality disorders (the 10 personality disorders) and intellectual disability

• Axis 3 - General Medical Conditions - any current physical disorders that could be relevant to the understanding or management of the patient’s psychological difficulties (to know what meds will interfere with their body and other conditions)

• Axis 4 - Psychosocial and environmental problems - Psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders

• Axis 5 - Global assessment of functioning - reporting the clinician’s judgment of the individuals overall level of functioning (how emergent is treatment for this client)

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of Anxiety?

• its a manifestation of the fear response

• with four basic components (physiological, emotional, cognitive, behavioural)

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of a panic attack?

• key feature - an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes in which time four or more physical and cognitive symptoms occur

• diagnostic criteria - four or more of the following appear -

• - palpitations, ponding heart, or accelerated heartrate

• - sweating

• - trembling or shaking

• sensations of shortness of breath or smothering

• feeling of choking

• chest pain or discomfort

• nausea or abdominal distress

• feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint

• chill or heat sensation

• numbness or tingling (paresthesias)

• derealization or depersonality (unreality/detached from oneself)

• fear of loosing control or going crazy

• fear of dying

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of agoraphobia?

• symptom - anxiety/avoidance of places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing in the event of a panic attack)

• key feature - marked or intense fear or anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated exposure to a wide range of situations

• diagnostic criteria - must have marked fear or anxiety about two or more of the following situations and fear, anxiety, or avoidance lasts 6 moths or more which causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

• 1) using public transport

• 2)being in open spaces (parking lot, bridge)

• 3) being in enclosed spaces (cinemas, theatres)

• 4) standing in line or being in a crowd

• 5) being outside of the home alone

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of a panic disorder?

• key feature - the presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by at least 1 month of one or both of the following

• diagnosis criteria - at least 1 month of one or both of the following

• - persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (loosing control, going crazy)

• - a significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attacks (behaviour. designed to avoid having panic attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations)

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of generalized anxiety disorder ?

• key feature - excessive anxiety or worry (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or activities - occurring more days than not for at least 6 months - the individual finds it difficult to control the worry and keep worry thoughts from interfering with tasks at hand

• diagnosis criteria - anxiety accompanied bye at least 3 additional symptoms with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not for the pat 6 months (only one item is required in children)

• relentlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge

• being easily fatigued

• difficulty concentrating or mind going blank

• irritability

• sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, restlessness, unsatisfying sleep)

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of phobias?

• key feature - marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed and is either actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety

• diagnostic criteria - causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other functioning - fear is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of OCD?

• key feature - obsessions (recurrent, persistent, and unwanted thoughts or urges that causes marked anxiety or distress) and compulsions (repetitive behaviour or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession)

• diagnostic criteria - obsessions or compulsions are time consuming or cause clinically significant distress to impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

what are characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of PTSD?

• diagnostic criteria - duration of disturbance is more than one month and it causes clinically significant distress or social/occupational impairment

• Key feature - exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in one or more of the following ways:

• - directly experienced the traumatic event(s)

• - witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurs to others

• - learning that the event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend

• - experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s)

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of major depressive episode?

• diagnostic criteria - five or more of the following 9 symptoms have been present during the same 2 week period and represent a change from previous functioning with at leas one of them being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

• 1) depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day - noted by subjective or observational reports

• 2) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or most activities most of the day, nearly every day

• 3) significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain - in children may be a failure to make expected weight gains

• 4) insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

• 5) psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day

• 6) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

• 7) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or innaproptiate guilt nearly every day

• 8) diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness nearly every day

• 9) recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or suicide attempt, or a specific plan

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of manic episode, mixed episodes & hypomanic episode?

manic episode

• key feature - distinct period of abnormality and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of major depressive disorder?

• diagnostic criteria - the presence of at least one major depressive episode

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)?

• key feature - chronically depressed mood that occurs for most o the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years

• diagnostic criteria - while depressed, the presence of two or more of the following must be present - individual has never been without symptoms for more than 2 months at a time - there has never been a manic or hypomanic episode

• - poor appetite or overeating

• - insomnia or hypersomnia

• low energy or fatigue

• low energy or fatigue

• low self-esteem

• Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions

• feelings of hopelessness

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of the two bipolar disorders?

• Bipolar 1 disorder - historically called manic-depressive disorder - presence of at least 1 manic episode is required

• Bipolar II disorder - at least 1 hypomanic episode and at least 1 major depressive episode is required

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of dissociative amnesia?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of dissociative Fugue?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of dissociative identity disorder?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of cluster 1 of personality disorders?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of cluster 2 of personality disorders?

what are symptoms, characteristics(key feature), and diagnostic criteria of cluster 3 of personality disorders?

what is disordered behaviour? how do we define disordered behaviour?

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how have we historically understood/defined disordered behaviour/functioning? what is the medical model of disordered behaviour? what have been the consequence of this?

how do we classify (criteria of) disordered behaviour? what are some of the stereotypes of psychological disorders?

what is the DSM and how does it work?

what is the Prevalence of Psychological Disorders? (no numbers)

what are the key features, possible causes, who is likely to get it, response to treatment, and diagnostic criteria of Depressive and Bipolar disorders? (Mood Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, the two Bipolar Disorders, cyclothymic disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and peripartum depression)

what are the key features, possible causes, who is likely to get it, response to treatment, and diagnostic criteria of Anxiety Disorders (Anxiety disorders, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobias, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, PTSD, and CPTSD)

what are the key features, possible causes, who is likely to get it, response to treatment, and diagnostic criteria of Personality Disorders (the three clusters and the 10 Personality Disorders

what are the key features, possible causes, who is likely to get it, response to treatment, and diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia (key features, symptoms, etiology)?

what are the key features, possible causes, who is likely to get it, response to treatment, and diagnostic criteria of Dissociative Disorders (Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Identity Disorder)?

What are the different types of treatments/therapies? For each type of therapy: what is involved?
How are they different from each other?

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What is Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic therapy (Sigmund Freud)?

How does Humanistic therapy work? What are the assumptions? What is Client Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers)? What is Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)?

What is Behavioural Therapy? The different types of behavioural therapy (based on the different
types of conditioning). How do these work?

How does Cognitive therapy work? What are: Albert Ellis’ Rational-Emotive Behavioural
Therapy, and Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy? How do these work?

What is involved in Group Therapy, as well as in therapy with families?

What is Insomnia? What is Sleep Hygiene? How does CBT-I work?

What are the different types of treatments/therapies? Who are the clients/patients? Who provides
treatment?

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What are insight therapies? What is Psychoanalysis? How did Freud view mental illness, and
how is this related to his psychoanalytic therapy? What is involved in Psychoanalysis? What
does modern psychoanalytic therapy involve?

What is Client-Centered Therapy? What is involved, and how does this work? How did
Rogers view mental illness and how is this related to his client-centered therapy?

How did Positive Psychology shape the therapeutic process? What is involved in these
therapies?

What is Group Therapy? How does this work? What is involved in Couples and Family
Therapies?

How effective are insight therapies? How do insight therapies work? What are their various
strengths and limitations?

What is Behavioural Therapy? What are the different types of behavioural therapy (based on
the different types of conditioning)? How do these work? What is involved? What are the
strengths/limitations? How are they different from each other?

What is involved in Cognitive, and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies? How do these work?

Are behaviour therapies effective? What are their strengths and limitations?

What are the current trends/issues in treatment? What are the barriers to treatment and how can we make treatment more diverse and culturally sensitive?

What is Social Psychology? What do we study in Social Psychology? How does “thinking” factor
into our social world? How do we explain the behaviour of self & others?

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ow do attributions shape behaviour & emotions? What are some types of attribution errors & biases? (The Jones & Harris study of the Fundamental Attribution Error. Belief in a Just World.)

how do we develop impressions of others (or self)? - Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory. Self-presentation & Impression Management

What are attitudes? How are attitudes and behaviours related? How/when do they influence each
other? Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Bem’s Self-Perception Theory

How do we change attitudes (communicator, message, medium, target)? Subject motivation.

What is Social Influence? How do groups influence who we are, our behaviours, our thinking?

What are: conformity, compliance, obedience, social norms, and social roles? Why do we
conform?

What do we know about Social Roles from Philip Zimbardo’s classic Stanford Prison Study?

What do we know about the process of conformity from Solomon Asch’s research? What are
the factors that influence conformity?

What do we know about the nature of obedience from Stanley Milgram’s classic obedience
studies? What are the factors that cause obedience, and what are the factors that promote
resistance?

What is a group? What is social facilitation & social loafing? How and when do these work?

What is Social Identity Theory? How does group membership (having a social
identity) influence our attitudes and behaviours? How does “us versus them” lead to negative
behaviours toward the outgroup?

What are: prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? What is the nature of prejudice (Zanna,
Esses, & Haddock)? How might we explain why we engage in prejudice and discrimination
(reacting to a threatened identity)?

What is Stereotype Threat? How does stereotype threat affect performance (Spencer, Steele &
Quinn)? Is this the only stereotype threat (Blascovich, Spencer, Quinn & Steele)? How might we
overcome the stereotype threat?

How do we combat prejudice?

What is Social Psychology? What do we study in Social Psychology?

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What is social perception? What factors influence our perceptions (appearance,
cognitive schemas, stereotypes, subjectivity and biases)? How do these factors work? Why is
perception biased?

How do we explain the behaviour of self & others? what are attributions?

what are attributing errors? biases? actor-observer Bias?

what is a fundamental attribution error? defensive attributions? self-serving biases? culture & attribution?

What are Attitudes? What are the components/dimensions of attitudes? How are attitudes and
behaviours related

What are implicit and explicit attitudes? How do attitudes work?

How do we change attitudes (source, message, channel, receiver)? How do these factors work?

What are the theories of attitude formation and change? How do each of these work, and how do
they help us to explain/understand attitude change?

what factors influence behaviour? What are, and what causes, conformity and obedience? What
are social roles?

What do we know about conformity, obedience, and social roles from the Asch
studies on conformity, the Milgram studies on obedience, and Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison
Experiment?

What factors influence conformity? What do these studies tell us about our tendency
to conform and obey? How was Milgram’s research controversial?

Are there cultural differences in conformity and obedience?

What is a group? How do groups influence who we are, our behaviours, our thinking? What is the bystander effect?

How does working in a group influence productivity? How are decisions made in groups (group polarization, groupthink)? What is group cohesiveness?

What factors cause attraction (i.e., physical attractiveness, similarity,
reciprocity)? How do love and attachment work? How do these help us understand the process of forming relationships?

How is love related to the attachment that we form in infancy? What are the different types of
attachment?

What does the evolutionary approach have to tell us about attraction?

What are prejudice and discrimination? How do these work? How does stereotyping and biased attribution play a role in prejudice? How are prejudicial attitudes created and held

How does implicit prejudice impact us and our behaviours? How does group categorization and competition play a role in prejudice? How might those who are impacted by prejudice respond?

How do we evaluate credibility? What is social influence and how does social influence work?

what are the 10 personality disorders (no explanation)?

• paranoid

• schizoid

• schizotypal

• Antisocial

• Borderline

• Histrionic

• Narcissistic

• avoidant

• dependant

• Obsessive-Compulsive

what are the symptoms for PTSD (the first 2) ?

presence of 1 or more intrusion symptom:

• - recurrent involuntary and intrusive memories of the trauma

• - recurrent distressing dreams

• - dissociative reactions (flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the trauma is recurring

• - intense or prolonged psychological distress in response to cues

• marked physiological reactions to cues

persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with he event, as evidence by one or both of the following

• - efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, feelings associated with the event

• - efforts to avoid external reminders that arouse distressing memories/feelings

what are the symptoms for PTSD (the lest 2) ?

negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with he trauma, as evidenced by at least two of the following:

• an inability to remember an important aspect of the trauma (dissociative amnesia

• persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs about self, others, ir the worlds

• persistent, distorted cognitions about the cause/consequences of the trauma leading the individual to blame self or others

• persistent negative emotional state

• markedly diminished interest/participation in significant activities

• feelings of detachment from others

• persistent inability to experience positive emotions

marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the trauma, as evidenced by at least 2 of the following:

• sleep disturbance

• irritable behaviour and angry outbursts

• hypervigilance

• problems with concentration

• exaggerated startle response

• reckless or self-destructive behaviour