APUSH Period 4: Political and Social Changes (1800-1848)

Federal-State Relationship

Evolving dynamics between federal and state governments.

Territorial Expansion

U.S. doubled in size post-War of 1812.

Population Shift

Movement westward from Atlantic Seaboard by 1830.

Reasons for Western Expansion

Population growth, immigration, and transportation improvements.

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin

Increased cotton production, fueling land demand.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition doubling U.S. territory without war.

War of 1812

Conflict preserving U.S. neutrality and national honor.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

British attack on U.S. ship in 1807.

Embargo Act

Failed trade restriction during Napoleonic Wars.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 act replacing the Embargo Act.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Attempt to maintain neutrality, led to war.

Treaty of Ghent

Settled issues post-War of 1812 with England.

Barbary Pirates

Jefferson's naval conflict instead of paying tribute.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Disarmed Great Lakes region to prevent war.

British-American Convention

Joint Oregon occupation and boundary agreements.

Adams-Onís Treaty

U.S. acquisition of Florida from Spain.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European intervention in Americas.

Cultural Nationalism

Patriotic themes in American art and literature.

Hudson River School

Art movement celebrating North America's landscapes.

Indian Removal Act

Andrew Jackson's policy ignoring Supreme Court rulings.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Five Civilized Tribes.

War Hawks

Congress members advocating for war against Britain.

Lone Star Republic

Texas independence from Mexico in 1836.

John James Audubon

Naturalist known for documenting North American birds.

Economic Nationalism

Focus on protecting American industry and economy.

American System

Economic plan by Henry Clay for national growth.

Second Bank of the United States

Re-chartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy.

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imports to protect domestic industries.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of one-party dominance post-War of 1812.

Election of 1800

Peaceful transition of power to Thomas Jefferson.

Panic of 1819

Economic crisis marking decline of the Era of Good Feelings.

Corrupt Bargain

Disputed election leading to John Quincy Adams' presidency.

Age of the Common Man

Increased suffrage for white men, removing property requirements.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams.

Second Two-Party System

Emergence of Democrats and Whigs in U.S. politics.

Cult of Domesticity

Ideology emphasizing women's roles in the home.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation for women to raise informed citizens.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting advocating for women's rights.

Sectionalism

Regional interests conflicting with national unity.

Hartford Convention

Federalists' meeting leading to their political decline.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina's defiance of federal tariffs (1828-1832).

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Agreement to ease tensions over tariffs.

Webster-Hayne Debate

Discussion on states' rights versus federal authority.

State Resistance

State governments opposing federal government actions.

Regional Agendas

Different interests pursued by Northeast, North, West, South.

Supreme Court

Highest federal court in the United States.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Expanded federal government power through landmark decisions.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review for legislative acts.

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to invalidate unconstitutional laws.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Affirmed federal authority over state laws.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Federal government regulates interstate commerce.

Interstate Commerce

Trade and economic activity between states.

Cotton Gin

Machine that revolutionized cotton production in 1793.

Slave Ownership

Indicator of social status in the South.

Code of Chivalry

Cultural norm emphasizing honor and defense of slavery.

George Fitzhugh

Pro-slavery advocate who viewed slavery as beneficial.

Slave Experiences

Generally oppressive, with mixed individual experiences.

Extended Families

Provided emotional support among enslaved individuals.

Slave Spirituals

Music blending African traditions with Christianity.

Resistance

Actions taken by slaves against their oppression.

Denmark Vesey

Leader of a betrayed rebellion in 1822.

Nat Turner

Led a suppressed rebellion in 1831.

Slave Codes

Laws restricting the rights of enslaved people.

Abolitionist Movement

Campaign to end slavery, gaining traction in the North.

David Walker

Advocated for slave resistance in his writings.

American Colonization Society

Promoted gradual emancipation and resettlement in Africa.

William Lloyd Garrison

Called for immediate emancipation via The Liberator.

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist known for powerful speeches and writings.

Samuel Slater

Father of the factory system in the U.S.

Eli Whitney

Invented interchangeable parts for mass production.

Robert Fulton

Developed the steamboat, reducing transportation costs.

Lowell Factory System

Employed women in textile mills in Massachusetts.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

Legalized labor unions in Massachusetts.

Nativist Groups

Opposed immigration, notably the No-Nothing Party.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing personal faith and reform.

Temperance Movement

Aimed to reduce alcohol consumption in society.

Prison Reform

Dorothea Dix's efforts to improve prison conditions.

Women's Rights Movement

Advocated for women's equality and rights.

Education Reform

Horace Mann's initiative to improve public education.

Utopian Societies

Communities aiming for idealistic social reforms.