BIOMI 1100 Prelim 2

Which of the following is NOT true about fungi:

-They can be filamentous and multicellular

-They can produce spores

-They get their food by absorptive nutrition

-They do NOT have chlorophyll

-They all produce mushrooms

They all produce mushrooms

Where are the organisms that cause athlete's foot found on the tree of life?

Eukarya branch

Breaking down macromolecules for energy and nutrition is a form of...?

Catabolism

What is the target of most common over the counter (OTC) antifungal compounds?

Cell membrane

What part of most fungi is responsible for spreading INFECTIONS?

Spores

Athlete's foot is caused by...?

a fungal infection known as ringworm

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

blocks cell wall synthesis

What is a mycotoxin?

-a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

-a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

How do fungi make fruit soften?

secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Which of the following is true about mycelium:

-Help keep the forest healthy

-Found in the soil

-Passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots

All answers are correct

What types of pathogens have been reported to infect people at pools? Viruses, bacteria, or eukaryotic parasites?

All of them

How do we normally count native (i.e. not human) aquatic bacteria?

By looking at them using an epifluorescence microscope

If there are so many potentially pathogenic bacteria shed from swimmers, why don't more people get sick?

Chlorine/Bromine kills the pathogens

How many bacteria on average are there in a drop of seawater (surface level)?

1,000,000

T/F: Pool filters remove bacteria and viruses

False

What are life guards usually testing with kits?

pH and chlorine levels

Which of the following methods would be the best way to count how many bacteria there are in a sample?

-Just add bacteria to a petri dish and count what grows!

-Use a light microscope

-Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

-No answer is correct

Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

Which types of bacteria do we often find in a swimming pool? Mycobacteria, skin bacteria, or fecal bacteria?

All answers are correct

Why are both pH and chlorine levels monitored and adjusted at swimming pools?

To ensure that chlorine maintains its disinfecting properties

Most pathogenic bacteria do not live longer than 1 day in a swimming pool. Can they still cause infections?

Yes, contact through skin breaks, swallowing pool water, or inhaling aerosols can still result in infection

Were there more colonies of bacteria on a Klarman desk or Klarman carpet?

Klarman desk

Were there more colonies of bacteria on a Klarman microphone or Zeus table?

Klarman microphone

What makes us stink when we workout?

The bacteria on our skin feed on nutrients in our sweat and break it down into stinky by-products

What causes body odor?

commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

Which BoZone has the most unique small (voc) profile?

armpits

T/F: Some people are attracted to armpit odor

True

Can infectious diseases be detected from body odor?

Yes

Do mosquitos prefer certain body odors over others?

Yes! Some people's smells are more attractive to mosquitoes than others

What are volatile organic compounds?

-produced by microbes such as Corynebacterium

-travel through the air, or

-include volatile fatty acids and thioalcohols?

All answers are correct

How do deodorants work?

They kill microbes

Choose the best answer: body odor arises from which of the following locations?

-Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

-Anywhere with eccrine sweat glands

-Armpits only

-Groin only

Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

How can body odor be used to diagnose infections and disease?

specific volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

Where on the tree of life do we find pathogens that cause STIs?

Bacteria (Proteobacteria, Spirocheotota, Chlamydiota)

Which of the following likely has a greatly reduced genome? Facultative commensal, obligate parasite, facultative parasite, or none of these

Obligate parasite

How does T. pallidum evade the immune system?

It has outer membrane proteins that look like human protein

How many students in this class (~300) would you expect to have chlamydia

12

What is a unique feature of spirochetes?

they have endoflagella

What is a secondary sign of syphilis?

rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

How does Syphilis evade the immune system?

it's outer sheath contains compounds which look like human compounds

Which of the following produce spore like elementary bodies that enhance the survival of the pathogen when transmitted between hosts: Trichomonas, Treponema, Chlamydia, or Gonorrhea?

Chlamydia

Which of the following is true about Chlamydia? Choose all that apply:

-there is a functional vaccine

-it's prevalence is greater in college age women than in college age men

-it is a fungus that cannot be treated with traditional antibiotics

-it enters and reprograms the host cell

-it's prevalence is greater in college age women than in college age men

-it enters and reprograms the host cell

Where on the tree of life do we find viruses?

-Eukaryotes

-Bacteria

-Archaea

-None of the above

None of the above

Infection by which of these viruses can be prevented by taking prescription antivirals?

-HIV (AIDS)

-Herpes (cold sores)

-Varicella (Chicken pox/shingles)

-HPV (genital warts)

HIV (AIDS)

Which of the following are true about HPV?

-Most common STI in the USA

-Infects 75% of sexually active people

-Preventable with vaccination

-All of these

All of these

How are HPV and HIV similar?

Both integrate into the host genome, and both can cause cancer

All viruses contain which of the following (multiple answers)?

-protein

-enzymes

-nucleic acid

-lipid envelope

protein and nucleic acid

The Baltimore viral classification system is based on which of the following?

-The type of genetic material

-What organisms the virus infects

-The way the viral genome is replicated

-Whether or not it has a host derived "envelope"

The type of genetic material (though, I personally feel like it could also be the way the viral genome is replicated, maybe ask during office hours)

Which of the following are true about HIV that causes AIDS?

-Requires reverse transcriptase

-It integrates it's genome into the host's genome

-It can be treated with antiviral drugs

-All answers are correct

All answers are correct

How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) distinct from Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

-HSV has a lipid envelope while HPV does not

-HSV can travel through nerve cells while HPV infects epithelial cells

-Only HPV has an effective vaccine

-HSV has a linear genome whereas HPV has a circular genome

-All answers are correct

All answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT true about HIV?

-It integrates into the host genome

-It is a dsDNA virus

-It can be prevented with antiviral drugs

-It requires reverse transcriptase

It is a dsDNA virus

What do the H# and N# of influenza variants refer to?

Proteins responsible for attachment and release of the virus

What viral surface protein is typically used to classify SARS-Cov-2 variants?

Spike

SARS-CoV-2 evolves through which of the following processes?

Drift

Which of the following is FALSE?

-Resistance to antibiotics is inevitable

-Most big pharma companies have abandoned antibiotic discovery

-By 2050, antibiotic resistant bacteria are likely to kill more people than cancer

-None of these

None of these

Which of the following infections diseases has been completely eradicated from the world?

-measles

-smallpox

-black plague

-HIV

-polio

smallpox

What is herd immunity?

The % of the population that needs to be vaccinated to limit spread of disease.

Based on R0, which of the following diseases is most contagious?

-Polio: R0=5-7

-Smallpox: R0=4-7

-Measles: R0=12-18

-Mumps: R0=5-7

-SARS Cov2: R0=2-10

Measles

The specificity of viral attack of specific cells, tissues, and hosts is called which of the following?

-Transcription

-Transposition

-Translation

-Tropism

Tropism

Which of the following are common hosts for the influenza virus?

-Humans

-Swine

-Poultry

-All of these

All of these

Why do we need a seasonal flu shot?

the virus keeps changing by genetic shifts aka "reassortment"

What do the influenza virus, COVID-19 and RSV all have in common? Select all that apply

-they can be treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors

-they are all RNA viruses

-they are all respiratory viruses

-there is a vaccine for all of them

-they are all RNA viruses

-they are all respiratory viruses

-there is a vaccine for all of them

What drives the production of different COVID variants?

mutations in the spike protein

Which of the following have efficacious vaccines that are widely available right now?

-HIV

-Tuberculosis

-Malaria

-None of the above

None of the above

What is the main point of the figure? (labeled diagram of liver with information about life stages)

The multistage lifestyle of plasmodium species provides many other antigenic targets for vaccines

Microbes are key to genetic engineering which of the following?

-Plants

-Animals

-Humans

-All of these

-None of these

All of these

How long have we had transgenic food crops?

>5000 years

The use of Agrobacterium to genetically engineer plants relies on which process?

conjugation

Which of the following are important ways for preventing infectious disease? Choose all that apply

-Vaccination

-Hygiene

-Antimicrobials

-Vector control

-Vaccination

-Hygiene

-Antimicrobials

-Vector control

What are the differences between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?

-the innate immune response includes phagocytic cells such as macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens

-the adaptive immune response involves antibody production

-innate immunity is fast and adaptive immunity is slow

What does the Ro number of an infectious disease tell us?

Overall disease transmissibility

What do we mean by live attenuated vaccine?

after passaging in cell culture many times, the pathogen loses it's virulence in humans yet retains its immunogenicity

Which of the following statements is true for COVID-19 RNA vaccines?

-the vaccine provides no immunity

-the vaccine provides protective immunity

-the vaccine provides sterilizing immunity

-the vaccine provides equal protection against all COVID-19 variants

the vaccine provides protective immunity

Which of the following is TRUE regarding vaccines?

-measles has been eradicated so there is no need to vaccinate

-we have an efficacious vaccine for HIV

-there is an association between vaccines and autism

-while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

What is true about horizontal gene transfer?

-only performed by scientists

-only occurs between microbes

-movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

-takes place from mother to child

movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

How does genome editing differ from transgenesis?

Genome editing deletes or modifies any genes. Transgenics is the insertion of a gene from a different organism

What would you need to edit a plant genome using CRISPR?

guide RNA, Cas9, DNA template

How is agrobacterium used to make a transgenic plant?

-The Ti DNA with the insert is transferred into the plant cell and incorporated into the chromosome of the plant

-Ti plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest is transformed into Agrobacterium

-Agrobacterium infects plant cells

What does BLAST stand for?

Basic local alignment search tool

How can we tell which bacteria are present in a given sample?

Sequencing DNA, culturing in media, and looking under a microscope

What does the first "r" in rRNA stand for?

ribosomal

What does the 16S stand for in 16S rRNA?

the molecular weight of the subunit