CPSC 120A

high-level programming

human readable code

centralized version control

uses only one server

distributed version control

uses multiple servers

modified

changed file without commitment

staged

will go into next commit snapshot

committed

safely shared in local database

statement

an instruction causing the program to perform an action

function

a collection of statements that are executed in order

main

mandatory function in C++

identifier

name of a function

literal

a value placed in code

random access memory

where memory is stored when running a program

object

a region of storage that can hold a value

allocation

reserving storage for an object's use

initialization

initial value of a variable or preparing for use

iolibrary

input and output

side effect

observable effect aside from return value

expression

a nonempty sequence of literals, variables, operators, and operands

subexpression

operand expression

compound expression

two or more operators

synopsis

usage rules for writing arguments

man page

provides documentation

ellipsis

may be repeated

syntax

rules for writing program elements

declaration

needed before executing a function

compile error

no output from clang++ from bad syntax

command-line error

command prints error message

runtime error

program crashes while running

logic error

program behaves incorrectly

usage error

command not typed in properly

configuration error

environment not ready because of prior errors

function

splits code into modular chunks

returnType

defines a function

return

returns the value of a function

local variable

located in the body of a function

forward

tells the compiler that an identifer exists before defining it

header file

standardized declaration

syntax error

invalid statement from bad syntax

semantic error

error in meaning from use of incorrect functions or impossible tasks

stack

stores data declared in code

heap

stores memory not known at compile time

black-box testing

running a program without looking at code

bisection debugging

locating the section of code that produces a bug

integration test

testing after units are integrated

makefiles

files that give instructions to the compiler

unit

a piece of testable code

dissect

reading and understanding requirements

void

no type

overflow

assigning a variable type that cannot hold an integer

precision

number of decimal points

boolean

only true or false

static_cast

converts data from one type into another

magic number

a numeric literal that represents a business logic concept

unary operators

- returns x-1, + returns x

%

gives the remainder

++

adds 1

--

subtracts 1

&&

AND logic gate

||

OR logic gate

!

NOT logic gate

scalability

the ability for a software client to accommodate increasing workload

container

allows for the use of large numbers of objects

std::vector

creates a vector container

command line argument

an optional string argument passed to the program

argc

gives the number of arguments passed to the program

argv

gives the place of storage for argument vectors

auto

detects type

access index

a value in an array

vector

a set of arrays

break

exits the loop

init statement

executed once before the loop

iteration-expression

run after each iteration

do-while loop

always executes at least once

for statement

defines multiple variables with commas

continue statement

causes the current point of execution to jump to the bottom of the current loop

stream

a sequence of bytes that can be accessed sequentially

flag

a boolean variable that can be turned on and off

manipulator

an object placed in a stream that affects how input and output occur

element

an item stored contiuously within a vector

nesting

organizing information in layers

2D vector

a nested vector

stack and queue

data structures consisting of ordered data

object-oriented programming

creates data types with both properties and well-defined behaviors

class invariant

a condition that must be true throughout an object’s lifetime

class

a program-defined compound type that can have many member variables with different types

member function

a function of a class type

access function

only retrieves or changes a private variable

access specifiers

define visibility

encapsulation

groups data and functions together in classes

inheritance

enables new classes to reuse or extend existing classes

polymorphism

allows one interface to use different underlying types

raster graphic

an image made out of pixels

Mersenne Twister

most common PRNG

modulus

remainder from division