Henry VII Foreign Policy, Trade, and Exploration

Who were Catherine of Aragon’s parents and when did they get married?

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (married in 1479)

What were the names of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile’s children and who did they marry?

Catherine of Aragon (married to Arthur Tudor and Henry VIII)

Joanna of Castile (married to Philip of Burgundy)

Who wanted Charles VIII to marry Anne of Brittany?

Anne of Beaujeu

Who was Anne of Beaujeu’s brother, and who did she want him to marry?

1) Charles VIII

2) Anne of Brittany

Who was Anne of Brittany married to by proxy and who instigated this marriage?

1) Maximillian of the HRE

2) Francis of Brittany

When did France invade Brittany and who instigated this invasion?

1) 1491

2) Anne of Beaujeu

Who prevailed in France’s 1491 invasion of Brittany and what was the outcome?

1) France

2) Anne of Brittany married Charles VIII and France was united with Brittany

Who aided Brittany when France invaded and in what form was this aid?

1) Henry VII/England

2) In the form of 6,000 men sent to Brittany to fight

What treaty did Henry VII make with Brittany in 1489 and what did it entail?

1) Treaty of Redon

2) That Henry VII sent 6,000 men over to fight

How did France retaliate to Henry VII helping Brittany?

By sheltering Perkin Warbeck

What treaty did Henry VII make with France to stop them from sheltering Perkin Warbeck and when?

1) Treaty of Etaples

2) 1492

What 4 things did the Treaty of Etaples entail?

• That France would not shelter Yorkist pretenders (such as Warbeck)

• That France would pay Henry VII an annual pension of £5,000

• That Charles would pay Henry £159,000

• That Henry/England would accept France’s right to the Duchy of Brittany

Why did France agree to the Treaty of Etaples?

Because of Henry VII’s seige of Boulogne

When and why were Castile and Aragon united?

1) 1479

2) Because of the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

What treaty did Henry VII make with Spain in 1489?

The Treaty of Medina del Campo

What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo entail (4 points)?

• A marriage alliance between England and Spain through Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor

• Alliance against France: neither would make treaties with France without consulting the other

• Equal trading rights

• Reduced tariffs, promoting free trade

On what date did the marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor take place?

14 November, 1501

When did Isabella of Castile die and what were the reprecussions?

1) 1504

2)

• Ferdinand of Aragon (Isabella’s widower) and Philip of Burgandy (Joanna of Castile’s Husband) fought over Castile

• Philip wanted to rule Spain because he was married to Joanna of Castile and was supported by his father Maximillian of HRE

Where did Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximillian I fall out over, and in what time period?

1) Italy (which was just a bunch of provinces at that time)

2) 1480s-90s

Who sheltered Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck in the 1480s-90s?

Maragaret of Burgundy (Richard III’s sister)

Which 5 countries supported Perkin Warbeck?

• France

• Burgundy

• Ireland

• Scotland

• HRE

What 4 treaties did Henry VII make before 1503, and when?

• Treaty of Redon with Brittany (1489)

• Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain (1489)

• Treaty of Etaples with France (1492)

• Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (1502)

What 6 actions effected trade under Henry?

• 1485-89: Navigation Acts

• 1489: Act banning the export of raw wool

• 1490: Cut exports to Venice

• 1493: Placed trade embargo on Burgundy

• 1496: Intercursus Magnus

• 1506: Intercursus Malus

What were the Hanseatic League?

A German

Who did Henry VII refuse to support in exploration?

Christopher Columbus

Who did Henry support to explore?

The Cabots

Where did the Cabots discover?

• Newfoundland

• Hudson Bay

Where was the most important centre for cloth trade in Europe under Henry VII?

Antwerp

What was England’s chief export under the Tudors?

Wool

What was Henry VII’s foreign policy initially dictated by (2 points)?

• The circumstances surrounding his succession

• His lack of money

What was Henry VII’s later foreign policy initially dictated by (3 points)?

• Trade

• Dynastic expansion

• His own succession

What was Henry VII’s main aim in his first 5 years of foreign policy?

To gain acceptance of his right to rule from other monarchs

When did Henry VII make truces with France, Scotland, and the Hapsburgs (3 years)

• France: 1485 

• Scotland: 1486

• Hapsburgs: 1487

What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo entail (5 points)?

• Collaborative defence

• No agreements with France without prior consultation

• Trading rights

• Fixed customs duties

• Arrangements for marriage alliance

When was the only time that Henry VII committed troops outside the British Isles?

In the Breton Crisis of 1488-92

Why did Henry want to encourage trade?

To build up the country’s strength and wealth

What did Henry seek to break up regarding trade and foreign policy?

The Hanseatic League

What did Henry pass to combat the Hanseatic League and what did these do?

• The Navigation Acts (1485-86)

• Encouraged the use of English ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships

What did Henry do to encourage the English cloth trade?

Through trading agreements with Burgundy who controlled Antwerp

What was the most significant trading agreement under Henry, when was it, and what did it do?

1) The Intercursus Magnus

2) 1496

3) It allowed English merchants to trade freely with all of Burgundy except for Flanders

How much more cloth was being exported in 1509 than in 1485?

60% more

What did Henry hope to gain through England’s alliance with Spain?

• More trade in southern Europe and the developing New World

When was a treaty signed that allowed England to be imported into Pisa, the main port of Florence and what did this Treaty provoke Venice to do?

• 1490

• Venice feared that Florence might gain at their expense and lifted import duties on English goods

How many ships did Henry VII leave his son and what is an example of a particularly innovative/forward facing ship?

• Nine

• The Regent

What years did Henry’s son and wife die

• 1502

• 1503

When did Henry intervene in Brittany?

1489

When did Scotland attack England under Henry VII and what treaty resulted?

• 1497

• The Treaty of Ayton

What was the aim of the Treaty of Ayton?

To end 2 centuries worth of conflict between England and Scotland (particularly when Scotland sheltered Perkin Warbeck)

What cemented the Treaty of Perpetual Peace of 1502?

A marriage alliance between James IV and Margaret Tudor

What later date and event did the Treaty of Perpetual Peace profoundly impact?

In 1603 when James VI inherited the English crown and the two countries were united in the ‘Union of the Crowns

What was set up at the very end of Henry’s reign and when did it come into existence?

• League of Cambrai

• 1508

What 4 monarchs combined in the Treaty of Cambrai and who were they conspiring against?

• Ferdinand, Archduke Charles, Louis XII, the Pope

• Venice

What curbed Henry’s desire to expand England’s territory?

His limited finances

When was the Intercursus Malus?

1506

What 4 things did the Intercursus Malus entail?

• Potential marriage to Margaret of Austria (Philip’s sister ) which fell through

• England recognised the claim of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile to the Kingdom of Castile

• Removed all duties from the English textile exports

• Forced Philip to give up the custody of Edmund de la Pole

Why did the Intercursus Malus collapse?

Because Philip of Burgundy died in October 1506