HISTORY HL NOTES

Who was Getulio Vargas and what is he known for?

Getulio Vargas was a Brazilian leader who served as president from 1930 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1954, known for his populist policies and authoritarian rule that modernized Brazil and centralized power.

Define 'Caudillo' in the context of Latin America.

A Caudillo is a military or political leader in Latin America who often held power through authoritarian rule, commanding personal loyalty rather than democratic means.

What significant event occurred in Panama in 1989 involving Manuel Noriega?

The U.S. military invasion of Panama, known as Operation Just Cause, aimed to depose dictator Manuel Noriega and restore democracy.

Explain the Panama Canal Zone and its historical significance.

The Panama Canal Zone was a strip of land surrounding the Panama Canal, controlled by the U.S. from 1903 until it was returned to Panama in 1999, and was critical for global maritime trade.

What was the purpose of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty?

The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was a 1903 treaty between the U.S. and Panama that granted the U.S. control over the Panama Canal Zone in exchange for financial compensation and protection of Panamanian independence.

How did Getulio Vargas impact labor rights in Brazil?

Vargas organized unions, established legal codes for worker protections and benefits, and introduced policies like minimum wage and a 48-hour workweek.

What is the significance of the term 'Dictatorship'?

A dictatorship is a form of government where a single leader or small group holds absolute power, typically obtained and maintained through force or without free elections.

Describe the trends of military governments in Brazil during the 20th century.

Military governments in Brazil (1930-1985) involved leaders like Vargas, who focused on industrialization and maintained authoritarian control, leading to economic growth but also wealth inequality.

What were the main characteristics of military governments in Latin America?

Military governments in Latin America were usually durable, effective in executing policies, centralized power with organized military structures, but often failed to address the needs of the masses.

Summarize the impact of 'Import Substitution' on Latin American economies.

Import Substitution aimed to reduce dependence on imported goods by encouraging local manufacturing, resulting in a prosperous middle class, but the majority of people did not experience improved living conditions.