APUSH AP EXAM (2)

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson is elected President of the United States. Noted as the "Revolution of 1800" peaceful transfer of power from federalists to democratic-republicans.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. demonstrated loose constructionist ideals from the strict constructionist Jefferson.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to strike down an act of Congress by declaring it unconstitutional. This principle was established by the Marshall Court in the 1803 case of Marbury V. Madison.

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. ensured Canada independence.

American System

This was a set of proposals sponsored by Henry Clay to unify the nation and strengthen the economy by means of protective tariff, a national bank, and internal improvements or transportation projects such as canals and new roads

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, JQ Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

rematch between Jackson and John Quincy Adams; Jackson swept the South and West and easily crushed Adams in both the popular and the electoral vote

Jacksonian Democracy

A set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson and his followers. This included respect for the common man, expansion of white male suffrage, appointment of political supporters to government positions (patronage), and opposition to privileged Eastern eilites.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)

Nullification

A legal theory that a state in the United States has the right to invalidate any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional. John C. Calhoun was the foremost proponent of the doctrine of such, Inspired by his leadership, a convention in South Carolina declared the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 unenforceable in that state.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River. Led to the trail of tears.

Worcester v. Georgia

Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

The Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks"; key role in new two-party system of Whigs/Democrats

Whigs vs. Democrats

Whigs - strong federal government, loose construction of the Constitution, Second National Bank, and Clay's American System; Clay and Webster; small businessmen, professionals, manufacturers, and some Southern planters

Democrats - states' rights, strict construction of the Constitution, Indian removal, western expansion; Jackson and Van Buren; small planters in the South, skilled and unskilled workers in cities and towns, and the "common man."

Erie Canal (1825)

canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River; transformed NYC into commercial center, drastically cut down travel time for wheat farmers, and inspired a mania for building canals

Robert Fulton, Clermont

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The first company to begin actual road operations; demonstrated that railroads were a cheaper and faster means of moving passengers and freight than canals.

Market Revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods among regional and national markets. This revolution reflected the increased output of farms, and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of canals, roads, steamship lines, and railroads.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, spurred by new technologies

Lowell System

System of dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor; women unsuccessfully striked against lower wages, and caused a shift to immigrants

Irish vs German Immigrants (old immigrants)

Irish - Northeastern port cities, low-paying, unskilled jobs, Lowell mills, supported Democrats, played role of growth in Catholicism

German - rural areas in the Midwest/frontier homesteads, diverse group of refugees and farmers, majority Protestants

Nativism

Anti-foreign sentiment favoring the interests of native-born people over the interests of immigrants. Believed immigrants took "native" jobs and would outvote them, and would ruin Anglo culture. It was directed against Irish and German immigrants in the 1840s and 1850s fueled the rise of the Know-Nothing Party. Nativism reappeared as a reaction to the mass immigration from eastern and southern europe between 1890 and 1920.

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudiced people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

moral free agency

preachers such as Charles Finney emphasized that each individual was a "moral free agent" who could chart his or her own spiritual course in life; depicted a merciful and loving God that granted free will to do good

Perfectionism

faith in the human ability to consciously build a just society

The Second Great Awakening

Refers to a wave of religious enthusiasm that spread across America between 1800 and 1830. Middle-class women played an especially important role in this movement by making Americans more aware of the moral issues posed by slavery. The religious fervor also led to reformist Zeal for causes such as temperance, better care for the mentally ill, and higher standards for public school

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening; birthplace of Mormonism (Joseph Smith)

Horace Mann

sponsored many reforms in Massachusetts including a longer school year, higher pay for teachers, and a larger public school system

Emma Willard

early advocate of women's education. She founded Troy Female Seminary, America's first woman's school of higher education

Dorothea Dix

launched a crusade to create special hospitals for the mentally ill.

American Colonization Society (1817)

advocated the gradual abolition of slavery combined with the goal of returning freed slaves to Africa; believed blacks could not be integrated into American society

William Lloyd Garrison

believed that slavery was a cruel, brutal, and sinful institution that should be immediately abolished; published an anti-slavery journal, The Liberator

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer who escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star; persuaded northerners of evils of slavery

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized women in their roles as wives and mothers. As a nurturing mother and faithful spouse, the wife would create a home that was a haven in a heartless world

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

first national women's rights convention, at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written - "We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal."; passed resolutions calling for greater divorce and child custody rights, education opportunities, and retainance of property after marriage

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason, reinforced ideals of Second Great Awakening, and contrasted with deism's ideals of operation through laws of nature rather than through emotion

Hudson River School

America's first native school of art

Transcendentalism

An antebellum philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination.

Manifest Destiny

19th Century belief that the United States was destined by Providence to spread democratic institutions and liberty from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast.

* The ideology of manifest destiny helped justify Polk's expansionist program.
* Coined by John Sullivan.


* Ex: Mexican-American War, Turner's Frontier Thesis, "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

The 1846 proposal by Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania to ban slavery in territory acquired from the Mexican War.

* The proviso triggered a divisive dispute between the North and the South states.
* Defeated in the Senate.

Slave Power

Antebellum term referring to the disproportionate power that Northerners believed wealthy slaveholders wielded over national political decisions.

Popular Sovereignty

Principle advocated by Stephen A. Douglas that the settlers of a given territory have the sole right to decide whether slavery will be permitted there.

* Popular sovereignty led to a divisive debate over the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
* The first test of popular sovereignty was in Kansas following passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, leading to "Bleeding Kansas" and increased sectionalism.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. John Brown was an abolitionist who advocated for the use of armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the civil rights or whites and punishing "crimes" such as failing to have a labor contract or travelling outside a plantation without a written pass.

Positive Good

written by John C. Calhoun grounded in the belief that slavery was good for white southerners because it made the south prosperous and maintained social order and white supremacy and also good for slaves because it brought them out of africa and christianized the black people;

Sharecropping

A labor system in the South post-Civil War. Tenants worked the land in return for a share of the crops produced instead of paying cash rent.

* The system was seemingly a endless cycle of debt and poverty.

Carpetbaggers

Carpetbagger is the derisive name given by ex-Confederates to Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction; they were perceived as exploiting the local populace

Scalawags

Scalawag is the derisive name given to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction; opponents of the scalawags claimed they were disloyal to traditional values

Redeemers

\-White Southern political leaders who claimed to "redeem" or save the South from Republican domination.

* Redeemers supported diversified economic growth and white supremacy.

Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes

A system of racial segregation in the South lasting from the end of Reconstruction until the 1960s.

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" (Oregon)

As both US and BR citizens settled in the Oregon area, boundary disputes between US and BR grew, which led to Polk issuing an ultimatum to BR about where to draw the line, and if they refused there would be war.

Mexican-American War (1846)

The war between Mexico and the United States in 1846 after a US unit ambush by Mexico.

* Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceding California/New Mexico and declaring the Rio Grande the border.-Whigs and Abolitionists opposed the war, stating it was used to expand slavery into new territory.

Texas Revolution (1836)

After the Mexican Government allowed Anglo-Americans to settle in Texas, the Mexican Government was alarmed of the raising population of Anglo-Americans.

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\- They denounced slavery and Americans could no longer settle. The Texans rebelled on March 2, 1836.

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\- After losses of Alamo/Goliad, the Texans led by Sam Houston won over at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836.

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Andrew Jackson did not immediately annex Texas due to the issue of adding a slave state.

Compromise of 1850

Proposals by Senator Henry Clay in 1850 to deal with land from Mexican Cession.

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Kansas-Nebraska Act

To achieve making Chicago a terminus for the railroad, he proposed making two territories.

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\- On January 23, 1854, Douglas introduced a bill that would organize two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and determine slavery through popular sovereignty.

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\- Both territories were north of the line banning slavery and Kansas was to be a slave state, repealing the Missouri Compromise and causing voters in Kansas to commit conflict called Bleeding Kansas

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In effect, created the Republican party with former Northern Whigs, and left southern Whigs in Democratic party

Fort Laramie Treaty

tribes guaranteed safe passage for settlers on the Oregon Trail and allowed the construction of roads and forts, and in exchange they received defined lands that would be theirs "forever" (less than 4 decades)

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave who was transferred to a free state/territory. Contended that living in a free state made him a free man.

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The Court ruled that as a constitutionally protected form of property, slaves could be taken into any state or territory.

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\- Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.

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\- Worsened sectional tensions and invalidated the Republican party platform of opposing the expansion of slavery.

Election of 1860 (Crittenden)

The Democrats split into two factions, North led by Stephen Douglas and South by John Breckinridge.

Lincoln transformed into national figure after his douglas debate, and opposed the expansion of slavery.

After election, SC and 6 states seceded. Kentucky Senator John Crittenden proposed his compromise of extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west coast. Lincoln rejected it.

North Advantages

* Bigger population
* More industrialization, produced 90 percent of all manufacturing goods. Has more wagons, horses, ships and railroad.
* North farms produced 140 million bushels of wheat.

North Disadvantages

\-Lacked Military Leadership and frequently replaced generals.

Struggled on war goals and aims of whether to perserve union or abolish slavery. Copperheads called for peace.

South Advantages

\-Fought a defensive war of protection.

Produced a lot of experienced and talented military leaders, Robert E. Lee or Stonewall Jackson.

Had a lot of exports to Britain and France of cotton.

South Disadvantages

* Disparities among population, industrial capacity, and lack of railroad mileage.
* Jefferson Davis seemed to be inadequate and ineffective military/political leader with no consistent military *strategy*.
* Founded on State Rights but needed a central government and faced backlash about raising money/troops.

Emancipation Proclamation

After the victory of Antietam Lincoln announced on the first of 1863 all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. It didn't actually free the slaves yet, but the aim was to injure the confederacy. It helped keep Europe out of the war and allowed African Amerians to fight in the Union Army.

Slavery not abolished until Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.

Homestead Act (1862)

Enabled settlers to aquire 160 acres of public land after 5 years of living on the land.

Impact by opening the Great Plains and the west to settlers. By 1935, 1.6 million settlers aquired 270 million acres.

Reasons for Northern Victory in the Civil War

\-population of 22 million people against the 9 million in the South

\-military leadership (Grant and Sherman)

\-more industrial

\-had a richer, more varied agriculture than the South

\-key victories, like Battle of Antietam

\-effective strategies, like Anaconda Plan

\-The Union had a larger navy, blocking all efforts from the Confederacy to trade with Europe.

\-North controlled both the shipping and railroad avenues, allowing them to trade and to get supplies fairly quickly.

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Before the Civil War, many Congressmen supported a Transcontinental Railroad linking New Orleans to California.

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After the war, Congress approved a transcontinental railroad along a northern route linking California to the rest of the Union

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Funded by the federal government and promoted westward expansion from the government

National Banking System (1863)

Due to rising cost of the Civil War, the Act established a national banking system for providing uniform currency.

Nothing was changed until 1913's Federal Reserve Act.

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Impacts of the Civil War

\- Ended South system of State Sovereignty. States could no longer secede.

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\- Broadened the power of the federal government, most notably through the Thirteenth Amendment.

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\- Ended the Souths power in government for Slaveowners. It weakened the south's economy entirely.

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\- Accelerated the creation of Corporations enterprises.

Women Impacts

Women on both sides accepted new roles. Women in the south started to manage plantations, while women in the north took jobs in business/government.

Did not remove sexual inequality, but improved the beliefs of women's role outside the home.

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Impacts on Slaves

Emancipation of 4 million slaves, but laws still revoked their right to vote and equality to whites.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan for reconstruction that allowed a Southern citizens to pledge Union loyalty. States with 10 percent of pledgers could be established back into the union.

Thirteenth Amendment

Amendment abolishing slavery within the States. Ratified on December 6th, 1865; south attempted to get around this by instituting sharecropping to keep down rights of African Americans

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage and believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after; contributed to impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Johnson's Plan

Johnson's plan favored return to normalcy politically and racially. He continued amnesty with oath.

States could re-enter after passing all secession laws and passing the Thirteenth Amendment.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern Legislatures to severely limit Black Freedmen's basic civil rights and economic freedom, continuing a legal distinction between blacks and whites.

For example, laws barred blacks from carrying weapons, marrying whites, assembling in groups, serving on juries, and pursuing any occupation other than agricultural work.

Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Radical Republicans)

Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, Radical Republicans insisted to protect the basic legal rights of African-Americans and increase the power of the south. Passing the Civil Rights Act declaring they had the same rights as whites. Failed because north had a waning resolve to help African-Americans during the 1870s, and Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877

Fourteenth Amendment

Defines national citizenship for the first time as extending to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States."; gave citizenship to African-Americans and those born in US

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\- Gave government responsibility for ensuring the legal rights of all Americans. The law prohibited the states from depriving "any person of life, liberty or property."

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Eliminated the south governments created by Johnson's plan, dividing it into five districts, under command of a union army general. To be readmitted they had to approve the Fourteenth Amendment.

Johnson also vetoed the legislation but was overturned by the Republican majority that was established due to the dislike for Johnson.

Impeachment Crisis

After struggling to pass the Tenure of Office Act, needing senate approval for removal of senate approved cabinet members. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton then was fired by Johnson in return which pressured Republicans to impeach.

In February 1868 the dominant Republican majority impeached Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors in office," which included violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate though, failed to convict him on one vote.

Fifteenth Amendment

Ratified in Feburary 1870, completely forbading the government from denying the right to vote on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."; gave voting rights to African-Americans

This also enraged women suffragists who felt abandoned. Some accepted this was "the negroes hour," but Susan B. Anthony and Cady Stanton disapproved the amendment.

Radical Reconstruction

Period of time post-Civil War to the Compromise of 1877. Named Radical due to the Republican's dominance within Congress and ability to transform the south and extend Civil and Political equality to African Americans.

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Due to voting rights, freedmen provided about 80 percent of the south vote for Republicans. Black votes supported the party by electing grant in 68 and 72.

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\- Critics of Reconstruction claimed the government misused public funds by accepting bids for contracts or Democrats for accepting bribes from railroad companies.

Ku Klux Klan

Began in Tennessee in 1866 and spread across the south. Sought to maintain white supremacy and revive the democrat party. The Klan lynched as many as 400 African Americans between 1868 and 1871.

Political Intimidation and violence worked to restore Democrat Party in some southern states.

Compromise of 1877

President Election of 1876 caused a constitutional crisis. When Democrat Samuel Tilden won the popular vote over Rutherford B. Hayes but outcome remained unclear due to disputed southern states electoral votes.

Democrats and Republicans then compromised. Democrats supported Hayes in return for withdrawing of troops from Southern Reconstruction states, along with other improvements; Hayes became president and Reconstruction had ended

Industrial South

Due to the South's ready supply of cheap labor, low taxes, and proximity to vast cotton fields created ideal conditions for building a profitable textile industry.

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Example: James Buchanan launched the American Tobacco Company, by 1900 produced 80 percent of all cigarettes produced in the US.Alabama became a major industrial and manufacturing center.

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BUT still 2/3 of Southern men still lived and worked on the farm and seemed elusive.

Southern Cotton

Post Civil-War labor system between Cotton Planters and Freedmen. Blacks traded their labor for their usage of the land, tools, seed and then typically traded half their crops to the landowner as payment.

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These sharecropper workers would then also be in debt to stores for borrowing clothes, food, supplies and would also mortgage their crops.

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Most sharecroppers then became entrapped in an endless cycle of poverty and debt. Eventually discontentment with the system led to Farmer Alliances and eventual black migration north.

Redeemers

Group of southern white Democrats known because they would "redeem" the region of Republican rule.

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Included merchants, politicians, financiers promoting economic growth based on industrialization but also supported policies to restore a system based on white supremacy.

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Redeemers supported the poll taxes on African Americans which disenfranchised many and suppressed their vote.

"Seperate but Equal"

Under the Civil Rights Act of 1875, it guaranteed blacks "the full and equal enjoyment" of public facilities.

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But many Southerners who rejected racial equality began enacting Jim Crow laws leading to racial segregation in public facilities.

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1883 Civil Right Cases supreme court ruled that equal protection was only applicable to state facilities and not private ones.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Court case establishing the precedent of racial inequality of "seperate but equal" segregation especially on railroad facilities for African Americans.

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This caused for many schools, restaurants, hotels, stores in the south to be segregated. Little things like water fountains or bathrooms became segregated.

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Later was overturned in 1954 in Brown vs Board of Education, which help galvanize the modern civil rights movement.

Life Under Jim Crow/Leaders

African Americans adjusted to life under these laws either by shielding away from public life or turn to Black communities and churches. Some African American leaders came to rise.

Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington believed that "Believed that white racism was a consequence of slavery." and supported black economic self-help and mastering trades would earn white respect, and eventually accommodate to white society (Atlanta Compromise speech)

W.E.B. Du Bois

* - Believed white racism was the cause of slavery and the primary reason why African Americans were forced into a subordinate position in American society.

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\- Advocate the intellectual "talented tenth" of African Americans that would lead the fight in social change

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\- Supported legal actions against Jim Crow Crow segregation.

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\- Help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP used lawsuits in federal courts to fight Jim Crow segregation.

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He opposed Booker T. Washington's method of social advocacy and wanted more direct response to white racism.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

suspended immigration of all Chinese laborers for ten years; renewed in 1892, permanent in 1902; first law enacted to exclude a specific ethnic/racial group from immigrating to the U.S.

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds; constructed by Chinese and Irish workers; completed in 1869; started building bloom across west