Other Ap HuG Unit 3a Vocab

Acculturation

Selectively adopts certain customs of the dominant host society in order to advance socioeconomically, while still retaining much of his or her native culture

Artifacts

An object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or other relic from an earlier period.

Assimilation

The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.

Centrifugal forces

Forces within a country that divide the people.

Centripetal forces

Forces within a country that unify the people.

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Contagious diffusion

The rapid and widespread diffusion throughout a population as a result of contact.

Cultural convergence

Occurs when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar. Cultures become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

Cultural divergence

Occurs when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts. Cultures become increasingly dissimilar with time often due to restrictions from outside cultural influences.

Cultural landscape

Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects of their culture. The visible imprint of humans on the landscape.

Cultural relativism

The practice of judging another culture by its own standards (putting aside bias and personal cultural preferences).

Culture

The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

Custom

Practice routinely followed by a group of people.

Diffusion route

The spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread; the pattern by which cultural traits spread across the landscape.

Ethnic neighborhoods

A neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by group, in which a cultural group can live in close proximity to each other and practice their customs. Often form as a result of chain migration and kinship links.

Ethnicity

Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture; people who identify as having shared cultural traits and traditions of a particular hearth.

Ethnocentrism

A cultural or ethnic bias in which an individual views and judges other cultures from the perspective of his or her own group; establishing the in-group as archetypal and evaluating all other groups with reference to his or her own culture.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend throughout a population in a way that the number of those influenced becomes continuously larger. Includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion.

Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Gender roles

[Term] are different sets of expectations and the corresponding behaviors that a culture considers appropriate for males and females. [Term] vary over time and space.

Global culture

Influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of certain aspects of culture around the world.

Globalization

[Term] is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. [Term] considers the increased interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Hearth

The area (or region) from which innovative ideas, features and culture originate.

Hierarchical diffusion

The spread of a feature, trend or idea from one person or node of authority (or power) to other persons or places. The feature spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals. Trends can also spread reverse hierarchically, that is from the least connected to the most connected.

Imperialism

The policy, practice, or ideology of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.

Indigenous communities

Communities, peoples, and nations that predate the colonial societies that developed on their territories and that consider themselves distinct from those now prevailing in those territories.

Invasion & Succession - Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.

Land use patterns

The spatial arrangement of economic activities and land use that results from decisions made by individuals, cultural groups, small businesses, multinational corporations, and governments. Land use is often dictated by economic decisions made by humans based on their access to resources, capital and markets; their decisions often infer that some regions are more advantageous and subsequently, more developed than others.

Material culture

The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people. Sociologists and anthropologists use the term artifacts to refer to the physical objects of [Term].

Mentifacts

The central, ideological elements of a culture; including ideas, values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore etc.

Multiculturalism

Placing value in diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds. Often results in policies that encourage the retention of cultural differences within society rather than assimilation.

Nonmaterial Culture

Abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, ethics, values, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems.

Popular Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal or localized characteristics. Cultural traits such as dress, diet and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, global media and corporate landscape

Relocation diffusion

A form of diffusion where the ideas being diffused are transmitted by their carriers as they relocate to new areas

Residential segregation

The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment.

Reterritorialization

With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own.

Sense of place

The characteristics that make a place special or unique, as well as to those that foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging.

Sequent occupance

The occupation (often by different groups) of a specific region over time. Often used to describe and explain the current cultural landscape of a region, as a combination of all the cultures which have 'sequentially' occupied the region from the past to the present.

Sociofacts

The social structures of a culture that influence social behavior. [Term] unite a culture and include family structure and political, educational and religious institutions.

Stimulus diffusion

A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place. Often, it is the spread of an underlying principle of an idea when the idea as a whole cannot spread to a particular culture.

Syncretism

When an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.