Chapter 07 Anatomy and Physiology - Key Terms (Vocabulary Flashcards)

Vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on anatomy, physiology, cells, tissues, body planes, cavities, integumentary system, and related diseases.

Anatomy

The study of the form and structure of organisms.

Physiology

The study of the processes and functions of living organisms.

Pathophysiology

The study of how disease occurs and the body's response to disease.

Congenital disease

A disease present at birth due to developmental abnormalities.

Inherited (genetic) disease

A disease caused by genetic factors passed from parents.

Infectious disease

A disease caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Degenerative disease

A disease caused by progressive deterioration of cells or tissues.

Diagnosis

Identification of a disease or condition.

Etiology

The cause or origin of a disease.

Prognosis

The predicted course and outcome of a disease.

Protoplasm

The basic living substance of life inside cells, composed of common elements.

Cell membrane

The outer membrane that surrounds and protects the cell.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell containing genetic material.

Nucleolus

A structure inside the nucleus that synthesizes ribosomal RNA.

Chromatin

Material that makes up chromosomes; DNA plus proteins.

Chromosomes

Threadlike bodies carrying genes (DNA).

Centrosome

Organelle that organizes microtubules during cell division.

Mitochondria

Energy-producing organelles (ATP) of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of membranes; rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs inside cells for fluids and materials.

Lysosomes

Organelles with enzymes that digest waste and cellular debris.

Pinocytic vesicles

Vesicles formed during pinocytosis for uptake of fluids.

Mitosis

Cell division producing two genetically identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

Cell division producing four haploid gametes with genetic variation.

Stem cells from blastocysts

Undifferentiated cells from early embryos used in research.

Tissue

A group of cells of the same type functioning together.

Dehydration

Insufficient tissue fluid.

Edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid in tissues.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that lines surfaces and forms glands.

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, binds, and protects organs.

Nerve tissue

Tissue that conducts electrical impulses.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that contracts to produce movement.

Organs

Two or more tissues joined for a specific function.

Systems

Groups of organs and other parts working together for a function.

Body planes

Imaginary flat surfaces used to describe body sections and relations.

Transverse plane

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

Midsagittal (median) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) parts.

Proximal

Near to the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Dorsal cavity

Posterior body cavity containing the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral cavities

Front body cavities including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

Orbital cavity

Eye socket.

Nasal cavity

Cavity behind the nose; air passage and sense of smell.

Buccal cavity

Mouth cavity; cheek region.

Quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)

Four abdominal quadrants used to describe location of organs and pain.

Epigastric region

Upper middle region of the abdomen.

Umbilical region

Central region around the navel.

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Lower middle region of the abdomen.

Hypochondriac regions

Upper side regions of the abdomen.

Lumbar regions

Middle side regions of the abdomen.

Iliac (inguinal) regions

Lower side regions of the abdomen.

Integumentary system

The skin and its structures; considered an organ, membrane, and system.

Epidermis

Outermost layer of the skin.

Dermis

The true skin, also called the corium.

Subcutaneous fascia (hypodermis)

Innermost layer beneath the dermis composed of connective tissue and fat.

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands.

Sebaceous glands

Oil glands.

Hair

Keratinized strands growing from hair follicles.

Nails

Hard keratin plates on fingers and toes.

Skin functions

Protection, sensory perception, temperature regulation, storage, absorption, excretion, vitamin D production.

Pigmentation

Skin color determined by pigments in the epidermis.

Melanin

Pigment that darkens skin in response to UV exposure.

Carotene

Yellow-orange pigment contributing to skin color.

Macules

Flat, colored spots on the skin.

Papules

Small, raised, solid pimples.

Vesicles

Small fluid-filled sacs on the skin.

Pustules

Pus-filled lesions on the skin.

Crusts

Dried exudate on the skin.

Acne vulgaris

Common acne condition of the skin.

Athlete’s foot

Fungal infection of the feet.

Basal cell carcinoma

Most common skin cancer arising from basal cells.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancer arising from squamous cells.

Melanoma

Aggressive skin cancer arising from melanocytes.

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin.

Eczema

Chronic inflammatory skin condition.

Impetigo

Contagious bacterial skin infection.

Psoriasis

Chronic autoimmune skin disease with scaly plaques.

Ringworm

Fungal skin infection (tinea).

Verrucae

Warts caused by human papillomavirus.