Evolution of management/Behavior human relation Theories/Modern management theory

2ND FORM

1. Scientific Management – Frederick W. Taylor

Focus: Improving efficiency through scientific study of tasks.

2. Administrative Management – Henri Fayol

Principles of management for organizational effectiveness.

3. Bureaucratic Management – Max Weber

Formal structure and rules to ensure efficiency.

1. Hawthorne Studies – Elton Mayo

Focus: Workers' productivity increases when they feel valued.

·        Discovery: Human and social factors affect work more than physical conditions.

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham Maslow

Focus: People are motivated by a hierarchy of needs:

1.      Physiological (food, water)

2.     Safety

3.     Love/Belonging

4.     Esteem

5.     Self-actualization

 

3. Theory X and Theory Y – Douglas McGregor

Theory X: Workers dislike work; must be closely supervised.

·        Theory Y: Workers are self-motivated and seek responsibility.

Example: Theory X managers are strict; Theory Y managers encourage independence.

1. Systems Theory

Focus: An organization is a system made up of interrelated parts.

·        Emphasis: Open systems adapt to environment; departments must coordinate.

 

2. Contingency Theory

Focus: There is no one best way to manage.

·        Emphasis: Management depends on the situation, environment, and context.

3. Total Quality Management (TQM) – W. Edwards Deming

Focus: Continuous improvement, customer satisfaction, teamwork.

·        Practices: Quality circles, employee involvement, feedback loops.

 

4. Peter Drucker – Father of Modern Management

Focus: Management by objectives, decentralization, knowledge work.