test of cations & anions

Add aq. NaOH into NH4+

No precipitate formed; ammonia gas is formed on warming

Add aq. NaOH into Ca2+

White precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NaOH

Add aq. NH3 into Ca2+

No precipitate formed

Add aq. NaOH into Zn2+/Al3+

White precipitate formed which is soluble in excess aq. NaOH giving a colourless solution.

Add aq. NH3 into Zn2+

White precipitate formed which is soluble in excess aq. NH3 giving a colourless solution.

Add aq. NH3 into Al3+

White precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NH3

Add aq. NaOH into Cu2+

Light blue precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess reagent

Add aq. NH3 into Cu2+

Light blue precipitate formed which is soluble in excess reagent to form a dark blue solution.

Add aq. NaOH into Fe2+

Green precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NaOH

Add aq. NH3 into Fe2+

Green precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NH3

Add aq. NaOH into Fe3+

Reddish-brown precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NaOH

Add aq. NH3 into Fe3+

Reddish-brown precipitate formed which is insoluble in excess aq. NH3

Test + observations for Carbonate anions

Test :Add dilute acid; Observations: Effervescence is seen, Carbon dioxide is produced

Test + observations for Chloride anions

Test: Add acidified silver nitrate or lead(II) chloride ;Observations: White precipitate is formed.

Test + observations for Sulfate anions

Test: Add acidified barium nitrate or barium chloride ;Observations: White precipitate is formed.

Test + observations for Nitrate anions

Test: Add aq. NaOH & Aluminium powder or foil and warm; Observation: Ammonia gas is produced.