Ochem 20 Functional Groups

Chapter 3

alkane

Contains a carbon-carbon single bond (C-C)

alkene

Contains a carbon-carbon double bond (C = C)

alkyne

Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond (𝐶≡𝐶)

arene (aromatic ring)

A six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating double bonds.

halide

C bound with a halogen

fluoro

Carbon bound with Flourine

chloro

Carbon bound with Chlorine

bromo

Carbon bound with Bromide

iodo

Carbon bound with Iodine

alcohol

Contains a hydroxyl group (OH)

ether or alkoxy

Contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon groups (𝑅−𝑂−𝑅)

thiol

sulfhydryl functional group (R-SH)

sulfide or sulfane

Sulfur attached to two Carbon’s

disulfide or disulfane

Two sulfurs bound together, and those sulfeus are bound to one Carbon

amine: 1 - primary

nitrogen atom is bonded to one alkyl group (R) and two hydrogen atoms

amine: 2 - secondary

The nitrogen atom is bonded to two alkyl groups (R and R') and one hydrogen atom.

amine: 3 - tertiary

The nitrogen atom is bonded to three alkyl groups (R, R', and R'')

nitrile or cyano

organic compound that contains a cyano group (-C≡N), which consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom

aldehyde

a carbonyl group (a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) bonded to a hydrogen atom (R-CHO)

ketone

a carbonyl group (a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) bonded to two other carbon atoms

sulfoxide or sulfinyl

sulfur atom bonded to one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms

imine

a functional group or chemical compound containing a carbon-nitrogen double bond (C=N)

carboxylic acid (-oic acid)

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (a carbonyl group) and also single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH)

carboxylic acid chloride (-oyl chloride)

carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (a carbonyl group) and also single-bonded to a chloride

carboxylic acid anhydride (-oic anhyrdide)

two acyl groups (R-C=O) joined by a single oxygen atom, with the general formula 𝑅−𝐶(=𝑂)−𝑂−𝐶(=𝑂)−𝑅′

ester (-oate)

a carbonyl group (a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) bonded to another oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to a carbon-based group

thioester (-thioate)

an organic compound that is similar in structure to an ester, but with a sulfur atom replacing the single-bonded oxygen atom

1 amide - primary

The nitrogen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms 𝑅−𝐶(=𝑂)−𝑁𝐻2

2 amide - secondary

The nitrogen is bonded to one hydrogen atom and one organic group (𝑅−𝐶(=𝑂)−𝑁𝐻𝑅′)

3 amide - tertiary

The nitrogen is bonded to two organic groups (𝑅−𝐶(=𝑂)−𝑁𝑅′𝑅′′)