speech language development final

The order of appearance of a child's first consonants in word use:

can be explained by the frequency of use in the native language.

is different for every child

begins with the sounds that are in their name.

none of the above

None of the above

What are most extensions and overextensions of meaning based on:

Perceptual similarities

By age two intentional communication is characterized by:

Multiple intentions

What syllabic patterns is found least in the first words of children?

cvc

word is LEAST likely to be part of a child's first 50 words?

me

doll

water

kitty

Me

What is the most plausible explanation for the high proportion of nouns in the first lexicons of children?

Perceptual/ conceptual distinctiveness

If a child defined "ball" as "something you play with" it would be likely that they were using what concept formation hypotheses?

Functional core

Children who have overdependence on the strategy of "swallowing language whole" or using memorized formulas:

-may be at a disadvantage in learning language.

-learn language more quickly than children who use other strategies.

-have advanced literacy skills.

-are typically children of single parents.

May be at a disadvantage in learning language

Linguistic processing of lexical items is influenced by:

Noun or verb nature of word

Factors that may affect early language acquisition include:

Otitis media, international adoption, TV.

According to the functional-core hypothesis of concept development, early definitions are based on:

Object use

A child's personal dictionary is known as

Lexicon

The three most frequent categories of words found in the first ten words of children are usually:

Toys, animals, food

Calling all men "daddy" is an example of-

overextension

Explain what phonological processes are, how they are useful to a young, language-learning child, and give examples of at least two types.

the ability to analyze & manipulate the sounds in spoken language

Useful- important skill for reading, writing, & language

2 examples- Gliding "Wabbit" 4 "Rabbit" Final consonant deletion "Ca" 4 "Cat"

A child's ability to discuss decontextualized language begins to emerge around what age?

18-24 months

When the meaning of a temporal term is unknown, a preschooler will rely on:

Order of mention

The process of interpreting words with reference to the position of the speaker is called:

Deixis

Conversations are ___whereas narratives are___

monologues; decontextualized monologues

dialogues; decontextualized monologues

decontextualized dialogues; monologues

decontextualized dialogues; dialogues

dialogues; decontextualized monologues

Children only begin to realize that indirect requests are more polite than direct requests around what age?

5 y/o

What type of information do preschool children rely heavily on when answering questions?

Context

a child's lexicon expands, which of the following are true?

A)There is a need for better cognitive organization.

B)Semantic networks are formed.

C)Children stop making lexical errors (e.g., spoon for fork).

D)Both A and B.

D)Both A&B

Who do most of a preschooler's conversations occur with?

Mother- child interaction

The ability to make same/different judgments seems to be related to the development of what?

Conservation

Even more than conversations, narratives reflect the speaker's:

Culture

The narratives of 2-year-olds generally consist of:

unrelated statements about a central focus

Name two strategies to organize narratives.

Centering + Chaining

Which of the following is NOT a strong factor in the success of successive second language learning?

age of the preadolescent child

Attitude toward the users of the second language

identification

age of the preadolescent child

S1 Stages of successive second language learning

Stage 1- preproduction/ silent period- getting exposed to language, no word production

S2 Stages of successive second language learning

Stage 2- Early Production- limited comprehension, 1-2 word production

S3 Stages of successive second language learning

Stage 3- Speech emergence- increased comprehension, 3000 words in vocab

S4 Stages of successive second language learning

Stage 4- intermediate proficiency- Good comprehension, about 6000 words in vocab, & more complex sentences

S5 Stages of successive second language learning

Stage 5- Advanced fluency

what does the term "register" means

the style of speaking

Why might children have a difficult time using differnt registers?

It can be hard using language differently in different circumstances & the limited social exposure.

a child’s ability to decontextualize language begins to emerge around what age?

5

when the meaning of a temporal term is unknown a preschooler will rely on?

the order that the events are mentioned

the process of interpreting words with reference to the position of the speaker is

deixis

conversations are____whereas narratives are______.

dialogues; decontextualized language

children only begin to realize that indirect request are more polite than direct request around what age?

5

what type of information do preschool children rely heavily on when answering questions?

contextual information

as a child’s lexicon expands….

there is a need for better cognitive organization and sematic networks are formed

who do most preschooler’s conversations occur with?

mother-child interactions

the ability to make same/different judgements seems to be related to the development of what?

conservation

even more than conservations narrative reflect the speaker’s what?

culture

the narratives of 2 year old’s generally consist of what?

centering and lack a central theme and organization

two strategies to organize narratives

centering & chaining

which of the following is NOT a strong factor in the success of successive second language learning?

A. age of the preadolescent child

B. attitude toward the users of the second child

C. identification with the users of the second language

D. need to develop and use the second language

A. age of the preadolescent child

explain the stages of successive language learning

explain what the term “register” means.

registers are different speaking styles for different roles.

Why might children have a difficult time using different registers? explain what is needed in terms of form, content, and use

Children might have a difficult time using different registers because they could have difficulty understanding their role in expressive language. In terms form the semantic arrangement of words must apply to the order for things to be communicated clearly. For content, the child has to have an understanding of what they are saying and the meaning behind it. For use, children would have to have an understanding on how language is used in different situations in order to properly use registers.

By 2 weeks a infant is able to

distinguish their mother from a stranger

lexicon

personal mental dictionary

How does toddler growth, play, and attention change around 18–24 months?

bodily and brain growth slows; fine motor skills and attention spam improves allowing book exploration, pretend reading and appropriate play with toy phones, dishes, dress up etc. toddlers also begin to play near peers but the play is nonsocial

what does noncompliance reflect?

increasing self-awareness and the abilty to influence others

what predicts vocabulary growth?

better gestures and object use, joint attention and joint consonant diversity

what are holophrases?

single words conveying a holistic communitive intention

how do gesture support early communication?

initially intentions are signaled by gestures; gesture coordinate with words and may reinforce meaning and support comprehension

when do shared intentionality and joint attention emerge?

12 to 14 months

how is maternal speech related to first words?

frequency and repetition in maternal speech influence early vocabulary learning because children often use words in the same context that they hear from caregivers

when do verbs appear and how do children learn them?

verbs appear soon after first words and true verbs come later children identify verbs and understand underlying concepts; word- action order enhances comprehension and word production

how do toddlers map word meanings and form concepts?

through social sensitivity and the mapping of sounds to meanings. Sematic characteristics, functional cores, and associative/prototypical complexes all contribute to the formation of concepts. Adult feedback may cause words to be overextended, underextended, or refined.

how do multi-word utterance develop and what skills support them?

Toddlers start combining words utilizing pivot schemas or item-based constructions around the age of 18 months. Multi-step language production is guided by social-cognitive abilities such as play, problem-solving, and planning.

what factors influence early language acquisition and variation?

vocabulary drives grammar ,syntax informs meaning and phonological memory aids both. health cognition, environment, TV exposure and SES all play roles. language delays often cause social withdrawal

what abilities do toddlers have by 24 months?

children can engage in conversations, initiate/maintain topics, request information, and regulate social interactions showing a increase in independence and communication efficenty

when do modifiers and verb-like words appear relative to the first word?

soon after the first word

how does word order affect verb comprehension in toddlers?

words followed by action facilitates comprehension and production

how do toddlers initially use language?

to discuss objects, events, and relations that are present

what is context-bound words?

some words are used only within specific context

how do toddlers map sounds to meanings?

by pairing arbitrary sounds with meaning aka mapping

what is overextension?

using a word too broadly to refer to multiple things

what is underextension?

using a word too narrowly

what age do children begin to use longer utterances?

18 months

how do social-cognitive skills influence multi-word utterances?

children plan multi-step actions and form mental combinations that influence language construction

how is play linked to language?

nonlinguistic activities and role play help form abstractions that lead to item based constructions in language

how does phonological development influence first words?

children avoid words they cannot pronounce lexical growth influences sound production

what factor influence recognition and production?

frequency of use and phonotactic probability

what is phonotactic probability?

the likehood of a sound pattern occurring in language

what is implicit language learning?

incidental language learning through exposure

what is explict languge learning?

intentional replication of words heard

when do infant become familiar with rhythmic and recurring sound patterns?

4 months for rhythms and 7 to 8 months for recurring patterns

what are common initial syllable structures?

CVC

Which consonants appear first?

m, w, b, p