Anatomy II Lecture Exam 1

What side of the heart is the plumonary circuit located?

The right side

What side of the heart is the systemic circuit located?

The left side

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

The right side

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

The left side

Where does the systemic circuit supply blood?

To all tissues of the body

Where does the pulmonary curcuit supply blood?

To the lungs for gas exchange

How does the pulmonary curcuit supply blood to the lungs?

How does it recevie blood?

Through the pulmonary trunk

Through the inferior and superior venae cavae

How does the systemic circut supply blood to the body?

How does it receive blood?

Via the aorta

Via the pulmonary veins

T or F: Any blood vessle that carries blood to the heart is a vein

True

What two parts make up the heart?

The base and apex

Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum

What is the pericardium?

What is its function?

Double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Allows the heart to beat without friction, lets heart expand

What is the parietal pericardium?

Superficial layer of conective tissue of the pericardium

What is the visceral pericardium (epicardium)?

Membrane covering the heart

What is the periardial cavity?

Space inside the pericardial sac filled with pericardial fluid

What is pericarditis?

Painful inflammation of the membranes covering the heart

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

1. Epicardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

What is the epicardium?

It is the serous membrane covering the heart

What is the endocardium?

Smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessls

What is myocardium?

What is its function?

Layer of cardic mussle proportional to work load

Provides structural support and attachment, important with timing and cordination of contractile activity

What are the 4 champer of the heart?

1. Right atrium

2. Left atrium

3. Right ventricles

4. Left ventricles

What do the right and left atria do?

Recieve blood returning to the heart

What do the right and left ventricles do?

Pump blood into arteries

T or F: The left and right ventricles are superior to the left and right atria

Flase, they are inferior

What is the interatrial septum?

The wall that seperates the atria

What is the pectinate muscle?

Where is it located?

Interal ridges of myocardium

Located in the right atrium and both auricles

What is the interventricular septum?

The muscular wall that seperates ventricles

What is the trabeculae carneae?

What is its function?

Interal ridges in both ventricles

May prevnt ventricle walls from sticking together

What seperates the atria and ventricles?

Atrioventricular sulcus

What divides the right ventricle from the left?

Interventricular sulcus

What is the funtion of valves in the heart?

Ensures one-way blood flow through the heart

How many valves does the right AV have? What is it called?

Three valves, tricuspid

How many valves does the left AV have? What is it called?

Two valves, bicuspid or mitral valve

What connects AV valves to papillary muscles on floor ventricles?

Chordae tendineae

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

between left ventricle and aorta

What two things make up the semilunar valves?

What is the funtion of the semilunar valve?

1. Pulmonary semilunar valve

2. Aortic semilunar valve

Controld blood flow into greater arteries

What happens when ventricles relax?

Prssure drops, semilunar valves close while AV valves open, then blood flows from the artia to ventricles

What happends when the ventricles contract?

AV valves close, pressure rises, semilunar valves open and blood flows into great vessels like the aorta

When is flow to the coronary arteries the greatest?

When the heart relaxes

What supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior two-thirds of the inter ventricular septum?

The anterior interventricular branch

What supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle?

Circumflex branch

Where does the right coronary artery supply blood?

Right atrium and sinodtrial node

Where does the right marginal branch supply blood?

Right atrium and ventricle

Where does the posterior interventricular branch supply blood?

The posterior walls of ventricles

What is the constriction of the coronary arteries?

Cornonary artery disease

What is atherosclerosis?

Accumulation of lipid deposits that degrade the arterial wall and obstruct the lumen, creates hardened mass

What is the pain felt in the chest called?

Angina pectoris

What is myocardial infarction (heart attack)?

Sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long term obstruction of coronary circulation

What is atheroma?

Blood clot or fatty deposit

What is a major risks of cornary artery disease?

Excess of low-denisty lipoprotein (LDL)

What are treatments of coronary artery disease?

Corornary bypass surgery, ballon/laser angioplasty

Where is the great cardiac vein?

Where does it collect blood?

Where does it empty?

Anterior interventricular artery

Anterior portion of heart

Coronary sinus

Where is the middle cardiac vein?

Where does it collect blood?

Where does it drain?

Posterior sulcus

Posterior portion of heart

Coronary sinus

Where does the left marginal vein empty?

The coronary sinus

What is the coronary sinus?

Where does it collect and empty blood?

Large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart

The right atrium

What are striated, short, thick, branched cells, one central nucleus surrounded by light-staining mass of glycogen?

Cardiocytes

What repairs damaged cardiac muscle?

Fibrosis (scarring)

What does cardiac muscle depend on to make ATP?

Aerobic respiration

What system coordinates the heartbeat?

Conduction system

In what order does the conduction system generate and conducts rhythmic electrical signals?

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node

2. Atrioventricular (AV) node

3. Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

4. Purkinje fibers

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Where is it?

The pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate

The right atrium

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Electrical gateway to the ventricles

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) bundle?

Forks into right and left bundle branches, passes through inter ventricular septum towards apex

What are purkinje fibers?

What do they do?

Nerve-like proceses that spread throughout ventricular myocardium

Cardiocytes pass signal from cell to cell through gap junctions

What is systole and diastole?

What does it refer to?

Contraction and relaxation

The action of the ventricles

What is the normal heardbeat trigged by the SA node?

Sinus rhythm

What is the region of spontaneous firing other than the SA node?

Ectopic focus

What is nodal rhythm?

Rhythm when SA node is damaged and heart rate is set by AV node

When does a membrane become polarized?

When the outside of the membrane becomes positively charged and inside becomes negatively charged -60mV

In what direction with Na+ try to diffuse?

What about Ca+?

What about K+?

Into the cell

Into the cell

Outside the cell

At what mV do voltage-gated fast Ca++ and Na+ channels open?

What does this cause?

-40mV

Faster depolarization

T or F: The SA node does not have a stable resting membrane potential

True

What causes reporlarization?

K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell

What are the 3 phases to cardiocyte action potential? (contractile cell)

1. Depolarization phase

2. Plateau phase

3. Repolarization phase

What is the plateau phase?

Sustains contraction, slow Ca++ channels open

What is a electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)?

Compostite of all action potentials

What is the P wave?

SA node fires, atria depolarizes and contracts

What is the QRS complex?

Ventricular depolarization

What is the ST segment?

Ventricular systole

What is the T wave?

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation

What is serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signals traveling randomly?

Ventricular fibrillation

What side of the heart does the blood flow when the mitral valve is open?

The left side

What is valvular insufficiency?

Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux, the backward flow of blood

What is mitral valve prolapse?

Insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

What is auscultation?

Listening to heart sounds made by body

What is the first heart sound?

What sound does it make?

When does it occur?

S1

Lounder and longer “lubb”

Closure of AV valves

What is the second heart sound?

What sound does it make?

When does it occur?

S2

Softer and sharper “dupp”

Closure of semilunar valves

Does ventricular filling happen during diastole or systole?

What valves are opened or closed?

During diastole

AV valves open, semilunar valves closed

In what 3 phases does ventricular filling occur?

What is reached at the end?

1. Rapid ventricular filling

2. Diastasis, slower filling

3. Atrial systole - atria contract

End-diastolic volume

What happends during isovolumetric contraction?

What valve closes?

What heart sound is made?

Atria repolarize/relax, ventricles depolarize/contract

AV valves closes (all valves closed)

S1

What valves are open during ventricular ejection?

What ECG wave occurs during this phase?

What is reached at the end?

Semilunar valves

T wave

End-systolic volume

How do you find end-systolic volume?

End-diastolic volume (EDV) - stroke volume (SV)

What valves are closed during isovolumetric relaxation?

Where does blood flow?

What heart sound occurs here?

All valaves are closed

Backwards filling cusps and closing semilunar valves

S2

When does ventricular filling start again?

When the AV valves open

What is the failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively?

Congestive heart failure

What is left ventricular failure?

What does it cause?

When blood backs up into the lungs

Pulmonary edema

What is right ventricular failure?

What does it cause?

Blood backs up in the vena cava

Syatemic edema

If the left ventricle pumps less blood then the right what does it cause?

Pulmonary edema

If the right ventricle pumps less blood then the left what does it cause?

Systemic edema